Il percorso pedagogico di una diagnosi psichiatrica: il precursore dell’ADHD «sindrome psico-organica» in Svizzera

Von den Sechziger- bis in die Achtzigerjahre wurden international sehr unterschiedliche Diagnosen für das verwendet, was heute mehr oder weniger unter ADHS fiele. In der Schweiz hielt sich ein Vorläufer erstaunlich lange, nämlich die Bezeichnung frühkindliches psychoorganisches Syndrom (POS). Der Beitrag untersucht die Frühgeschichte der ADHS-Diagnose und wie die Schweizer Pädagogik auf neue psychiatrische Diagnosen reagierte.From the 1960s to the 1980s, very different diagnoses were used internationally for what would today fall under ADHD. In Switzerland, a precursor, the diagnosis of early childhood psycho-organic syndrome, lasted surprisingly long. The article examines the early history of the diagnosis of ADHD and how Swiss education reacted to new psychiatric diagnoses.Des années 1960 aux années 1980, des diagnostics très différents ont été utilisés à l’échelle internationale pour déterminer ce qui relève plus ou moins du TDAH aujourd’hui. En Suisse, un diagnostic a perduré étonnamment longtemps, à savoir le syndrome psycho-organique. L’article examine les débuts du diagnostic du TDAH et la manière dont la pédagogie suisse a réagi aux nouveaux diagnostics psychiatriques.Dagli anni Sessanta agli anni Ottanta, a livello internazionale sono state utilizzate diagnosi molto diverse per determinare quella che oggi è più o meno l'ADHD. In Svizzera, una diagnosi è sopravvissuta per un periodo sorprendentemente lungo: la sindrome psico-organica della prima infanzia. Questo articolo analizza gli inizi della diagnosi di ADHD e il modo in cui l'istruzione svizzera ha reagito alle nuove diagnosi psichiatriche

Exploring diversity in PE teacher training: Immersive learning challenges & potentials

The aim of teacher training in PE is to teach subject-specific content and to promote a reflective attitude. This is particularly important in preparation for inclusive physical education (Meier et al., 2017). Additional, research shows that videography is an effective tool for prospective and practicing teachers (e.g. Walshe & Driver, 2019). Immersive teaching methods such as VR-based learning scenarios could further strengthen such methods (Huang et al., 2023). Based on this, questions arise about the learning-effective design features of immersive methods regarding complex learning objectives in teacher training. This contribution will present a sports didactics seminar that focuses on teaching reflection within the framework of diversity-sensitive sports didactics and initial exploratory results in this regard. Thereby reflection is understood as a mental mediation between practical experience, professional knowledge, and teachers’ convictions (Leonard, 2022). The explorative evaluation focusses on the question whether the immersive experience of physical education can be used as a starting point for a reflection process among (prospective) teachers and if so how the immersion experience influences the students' ability to reflect sensu Leonard (2022) by confronting them with 360° instructional videos. A control group design is pursued (360° technology vs. videography). Firstly, standardized questionnaires are used to assess the students’ sense of immersion directly after watching the 360° video resp. standard video. A T-Test is used to analyse the difference in sense of presence and sense of immersion between the groups. The analysis reveals a significant difference between the groups in the sense of presence (t(77) = −4.78, p < .001) and in the sense of immersion (t(77) = -5.85, p < .001). The 360° group shows significantly higher values in both areas. Secondly, the students’ attitudes towards inclusive physical education are evaluated (Meier et al., 2017), the data show no differences between the groups (e.g. t(75) = -0.09, p = .93). In contrast, the depth of reflection indicates qualitative differences which will be discussed in the contribution (Hatton & Smith, 1995). These first results regarding the feelings of presence and immersion, as well as noticing situations and their relationships to each other, will be reported and insights into the immersive PE scenarios will be provided. References Hatton, N., & Smith, D. (1995). Reflection in teacher education: Towards definition and implementation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 11(1), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(94)00012-U Huang, Y., Richter, E., Kleickmann, T., & Richter, D. (2023). Virtual reality in teacher education from 2010 to 2020. In K. Scheiter, & I. Gogolin (Eds.), Bildung für eine digitale Zukunft (pp. 399-441). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37895-0_16 Leonard, T. (2022). Reflexionsregime in Schule und Lehrerbildung. Zwischen guter Absicht und transintentionalen Folgen. In C. Reintjes, & I. Kunze (Eds.), Reflexionsregime in Schule und Lehrerbildung (pp. 77–93). Verlag Julius Klinkhardt. https://doi.org/10.25656/01:25404 Meier, S., Ruin, S., & Leineweber, H. (2017). HainSL – Ein Instrument zur Erfassung von Haltungen zu inklusivem Sportunterricht bei (angehenden) Lehrkräften [HainSL — A testing instrument to assess attitudes of (trainee) teachers regarding inclusive physical education lessons]. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research, 47(2), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-016-0429-9 Walshe, N., & Driver, P. (2019). Developing reflective trainee teacher practice with 360-degree video. Teaching and Teacher Education, 78, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.11.00

Epidemiology in sailing: A systematic literature review including suggestions for injury prevention

Introduction & Purpose Sailing is enjoyed by millions of people worldwide and as varied as the disciplines in sailing are the injuries. According to the definition of Neville and Folland (2009, p. 141), sailing injuries can be defined as “any physical complaint sustained by a sailor that results from sailing or sailing-related activities”, whereby sailing-related illnesses have been excluded from this review. Most of the literature focuses separately either on elite sailing, recreational sailing, or offshore circumnavigations. This systematic literature review, in contrast, aimed to combine all these different types of sailing. The aim of this study was, thus, 1) to highlight the frequencies, types, locations, and causes of injuries in sailing, and 2) to summarize possible preventive measures. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, a literature search limited to research published from 01.01.2005 to 10.05.2024 was performed electronically in the databases PubMed and Cochrane Library using the keywords “sailing” AND “injuries”. Exclusion criteria were non-English language and literature reviews. The literature search resulted in a total of 132 publications, thereof 112 were excluded based on their title, which was either double, not related to the disciplines of sailing or the topic of injuries. The remaining 20 publications were screened based on their abstracts. In this second round of filtering, 10 publications were excluded as they were not related to the disciplines of sailing and the topic of injuries. Finally, 10 publications were included in the present review. The selected literature was screened for the five categories of injury frequencies, types, locations, causes, and preventive measures associated with sailing. Results Injury frequency including time loss injuries and fatalitiesIn general, sailing-related injury rates vary strongly from 0.59 to 16 per 1,000 hours of sailing (Feletti et al., 2021; Neville et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2016). Thereby, sailing was ranked among the safest sports in the Olympic Games 2008; moreover, in the Olympics 2012, 1.0% of sailors sustained an injury resulting in time loss (Ryan et al., 2016). No differences in the injury rate between sexes could be observed (Crunkhorn et al., 2022). The calculated fatality rate amounts to 1.19 deaths per million sailing days (Ryan et al., 2016). Injury types and locationsIn sailing, the most commonly injured body parts are the upper limbs (40% of all reported sailing injuries), followed by the spine, back, neck, and head (14-30%) and the lower limbs (10-27%) (Feletti et al., 2021; Ham & Jee, 2016; Hayes et al., 2023; Landsberg & Hunt, 2023; Nathanson et al., 2010; Neville et al., 2006). The most frequently reported injuries are mild injuries such as contusions (27-40%), lacerations (19%), and abrasions (11%), which can potentially occur on the hand, shoulder, arm, knee, foot, and ankle (Feletti et al., 2021; Forycka et al., 2023; Hayes et al., 2023) as well as muscle cramps/spasms (20%) and strains/sprains (13%; Tan et al., 2016). Also, sunburns are highly frequent with 16% of all surveyed cases (Nathanson et al., 2010). Moreover, in professional sailing, overuse injuries are accountable for 24-58% of all reported injuries and primarily affect joints and ligaments (Neville et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2016). Furthermore, severe injury types include fractures (25%), torn tendons/cartilage (16%), and brain concussion (14%; Nathanson et al., 2010). Injury risks and causesInjuries sustained during sailing can be attributed to extrinsic as well as intrinsic risk factors. Some of the most commonly identified extrinsic causes are related to environmental conditions, such as heavy weather and solar exposure (Hayes et al., 2023; Nathanson et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2016). Further, lack of protective equipment and material failure (Nathanson et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2016) as well as impacts with part of the boat, in particular the boom, (Forycka et al., 2023; Landsberg & Hunt, 2023; Tan et al., 2016) pose major causes of injuries. Hayes et al. (2023) found that smaller boat sizes are related to a higher rate of incidents. Intrinsic risk factors include sailors’ inattentiveness, lack of communication among crew members, inadequate physical fitness, sleep deprivation, and insufficient experience (Forycka et al., 2023; Ham & Jee, 2016; Nathanson et al., 2010; Ryan et al., 2016). Nevertheless, a low level of sailing credentials was not found to increase the injury risk (Hayes et al., 2023). Additionally, different repetitive tasks contribute to overuse injuries (Neville et al., 2006). Moreover, alcohol consumption has been shown to play a role in 12.2% of sailing-related deaths (Ryan et al., 2016). Finally, the most common fatal incidents are due to collisions, grounding, and falling overboard (Ryan et al., 2016). Thereby, 81.6% of deaths can be linked to not wearing a life jacket (Ryan et al., 2016). Preventive measuresTo prevent injuries, (UV-)protective equipment, such as gloves, helmets, shoes, insulating cloths, hats, sunglasses, and sunscreen, should be used (Feletti et al., 2021; Nathanson et al., 2010). As the likelihood of accidents rises with shorter boat sizes, Hayes et al. (2023) recommended increasing the minimum boat length. Besides, ergonomic boat design needs to be applied (Nathanson et al., 2010). To prevent accidents, gaining confidence with the boat is paramount (Hayes et al., 2023). In addition, physical training needs to be included in the sailing routine at all levels (Feletti et al., 2021; Ham & Jee, 2016). Furthermore, sufficient sleep and distraction limitation should be ensured (Forycka et al., 2023). Feletti et al. (2021) suggested regularly changing the ropes to maintain a soft structure. Mandatory first aid training and equipment are further fundamental preventive measures (Forycka et al., 2023; Hayes et al., 2023; Landsberg & Hunt, 2023). Moreover, the prohibition of being intoxicated should be extended to passengers (Ryan et al., 2016). Finally, sailors should be convinced to wear life jackets, which can be facilitated by improving their comfort and aesthetics (Nathanson et al., 2010). Educational campaigns should foster these safety habits continuously (Nathanson et al., 2010). Discussion The results demonstrate a strongly varying injury rate of 0.59 to 16 per 1,000 hours of sailing (Feletti et al., 2021; Neville et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2016), which was found to be lower than in contact team sports, such as soccer, but similar to the incidence reported in non-contact sports, such as professional cricket (Neville et al., 2006). The calculated fatality rate of 1.19 deaths per million sailing days is comparable to the fatality rate in alpine skiing (Ryan et al., 2016). The presented risk factors lead to the suggestion of various preventive measures. Several of them, inter alia sun-protective behaviour, promotion of safety gear, coaching on proper sailing technique, physical training as well as first-aid education and equipment are deemed to be advantageous (Nathanson et al., 2010; Neville et al., 2006). However, it is questionable if other identified prevention steps, like increasing the boat size (Hayes et al., 2023) or frequently renewing the ropes (Feletti et al., 2021), automatically represent safety enhancements as the associated increase in boat weight and rope slipperiness could impair boat handling. Conclusion The present literature examination updates characteristics as well as possible risk factors for injuries in all sailing disciplines and summarizes related potential preventive measures. Further research should systematically assess the effectiveness of the different prevention options suggested. To increase safety within the sailing disciplines, the vigorous implementation of such preventive measures on the part of sailing federations seems to be of uttermost importance. References Crunkhorn, M. L., Wolff, A., Drew, M., Witchalls, J., Lalor, B., & Toohey, L. A. (2022). Establishing the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness in Australian sailing athletes over a full year of training and competition to help determine prevention priorities. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(9), 726–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.06.012 Feletti, F., Brymer, E., Bonato, M., & Aliverti, A. (2021). Injuries and illnesses related to dinghy-sailing on hydrofoiling boats. BMC Sports Science, Medicine & Rehabilitation, 13(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00343-8 Forycka, J., Wojtowicz, J., Kolodziejczyk, K., Lesman, J., & Mostowy, M. (2023). Observational study of self-reported offshore sailing-related injuries in a wide range of amateur and professional sailors. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 34(4), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.06.013 Ham, D.‑W., & Jee, Y.‑S. (2016). Yachters in Korea suffer considerable injuries. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 12(3), 226–231. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1632612.306 Hayes, D. O., Nathanson, A. T., Dubuc, É., & Blanchette, M.‑A. (2023). Injuries and health issues ocurring during offshore transoceanic sailing: A survey of recreational sailors and cruisers. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 34(2), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.01.005 Landsberg, C. M., & Hunt, S. E. (2023). Olympic class sailing injuries and illness: A 15-year study of a World Cup regatta venue. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 34(3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2023.03.002 Nathanson, A. T., Baird, J., & Mello, M. (2010). Sailing injury and illness: Results of an online survey. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 21(4), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2010.06.006 Neville, V., Molloy, J., Brooks, J. H. M., Speedy, D. B., & Atkinson, G. (2006). Epidemiology of injuries and illnesses in America’s Cup yacht racing. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.021477 Neville, V., & Folland, J. P. (2009). The epidemiology and aetiology of injuries in sailing. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939020-00003 Ryan, K. M., Nathanson, A. T., Baird, J., & Wheelhouse, J. (2016). Injuries and fatalities on sailboats in the United States 2000-2011: An analysis of US Coast Guard data. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 27(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2015.09.022 Tan, B., Leong, D., Vaz Pardal, C., Lin, C. Y., & Kam, J. W. (2016). Injury and illness surveillance at the International Sailing Federation Sailing World Championships 2014. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(11), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-09574

The impact and sustainability of the prevention project 3! Winter Life Camp on young pupil’s knowledge on accident prevention and behaviour in winter alpine terrain

Introduction & Purpose Skiing, both on slopes and in backcountry terrain, is highly popular in Austria. However, this sport carries inherent risks of injuries considering numerous accidents occurring each year both on designated ski slopes and off-piste areas. During the 2021/22 winter season, the Austrian alpine police reported 4,613 ski-related injuries on slopes, including 27 fatalities, with Tyrol accounting for the highest percentage of these accidents at 41% (Österreichisches Kuratorium für Alpine Sicherheit [ÖKAS], 2022). Regarding off-piste skiing, Tyrol counted 163 individuals involved in avalanche accidents during that season, with 44% of individuals aged 11-30 years (ÖKAS, 2023). Research has shown that children and adolescents up to the age of 18 exhibit a lack of knowledge regarding safety regulations on ski slopes, such as those outlined by the International Ski Federation (FIS; Hildebrandt et al., 2016; Ruedl et al., 2018). Due to the hardly predictable nature of avalanches, various strategies are implemented to assess and mitigate risks. It is crucial to be well-informed, choose defensive routes, and engage in regular self-critical reflection (Deutscher Alpenverein [DAV], 2022). In the event of an avalanche burial, carrying complete avalanche emergency equipment (transceiver, shovel, and probe) is essential for immediate aid (Semmel, 2007). Nichols et al. (2018) found that experienced backcountry skiers and snowboarders, as well as those who had completed an avalanche course, were more likely to carry avalanche emergency equipment with them than beginners. Additionally, McCammon (2003) reported that 34% of individuals involved in avalanche accidents in the US had neither received avalanche training nor attended a pertinent course, with this group having the lowest mean age of about 24 years. In Tyrol, with a total of 9 districts, apart from the district of Lienz/East Tyrol, there is no regionwide youth prevention programme. The 3! Winter Life Camp project in Lienz district, initiated in 2006 by the Alpinkompetenzzentrum Osttirol, educates all 7th-graders of the district on winter sports safety. This one-day project includes age-adapted theoretical knowledge transfer in the classroom as well as practical exercises both on- and off-piste, covering risk assessment, emergency procedures, and FIS rules, aiming to raise awareness of winter sport risks and encourage further education. Previous research suggests preventive information campaigns contribute to reducing injury risk in alpine skiing (Jørgensen et al., 1998). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the knowledge change among participants of the 3! Winter Life Camp (Hypothesis 1) and its sustainability over time (Hypothesis 2). Methods The study was designed as a non-randomized controlled intervention conducted in the winter-season 2023/24, involving 7th-grade pupils from one Gymnasium and one middle school from Lienz/East Tyrol (IG) and Schwaz/North Tyrol (CG), the latter being comparable to Lienz in terms of size, population, and rural surroundings. A questionnaire assessing personal information (age, sex, skill level, etc.) as well as practical knowledge was developed. The questions on the knowledge of FIS rules were formulated according to literature (Hildebrandt et al., 2011; Ruedl et al., 2018). Questions related to expert knowledge on avalanches were reviewed by a professional mountain guide and the project leaders, to ensure only relevant questions to be included. The 7th-graders filled out the questionnaire twice, before and about 8 weeks after the intervention. To evaluate project sustainability, 8th-graders from the same schools in Lienz, who had participated in the project one year before, and Schwaz, completed the questionnaire once at the end of winter 2023/24 (Hypothesis 2). For statistical analyses, individual questions were clustered into 5 thematic groups: avalanche knowledge (in total 7 points), avalanche warning signs (3 points), avalanche safety equipment (3 points), emergency contacts (3 points), and FIS rules (12 points). Differential variables were calculated by subtracting pre-test scores from post-test scores to assess the differences in safety knowledge between the IG and CG (Hypothesis 1). To assess sustainability, knowledge of the post-test of the 8th-graders from Lienz was compared to the 8th-graders from Schwaz (Hypothesis 2). Data are presented as means and standard deviation as well as absolute and relative frequencies. Due to the ordinal nature of the data, group comparisons were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test. All p values were two tailed and statistical differences were considered significant at p < .05. Results Concerning the intervention study, 221 questionnaires were eligible for analysis (110 IG, 111 CG). A total of 94 questionnaires were excluded due to non-matching data (failure to participate in both sessions or incorrect recognition code) or incompleteness. 1.4% of IG and 13.1% of CG participants indicated they neither engage in skiing nor snowboarding. 35.7% of IG and 26.7% of CG participants reported riding also off-piste in unsecured terrain. Post-intervention, IG and CG participants scored 4.09 ± 1.88 and 2.79 ± 1.82 points concerning avalanche knowledge, compared to 2.05 ± 2.00 and 2.13 ± 1.53 pre-intervention, respectively. Group difference according to the differential variable was highly significant (p < .001). Group changes in knowledge of avalanche warning signs were also highly significant between pre- and posttest (IG pre = 1.89 ± 0.68, post 2.32 ± 0.83, CG pre 1.96 ± 0.69, post 2 ± 0.67, p < .001). Pre-intervention, 1.8% of IG and 4.1% of CG were aware of the three components of complete avalanche safety equipment, increasing to 24.4% in the IG and 6.3% in the CG post-intervention, with a highly significant group difference (p < .001). The awareness of an emergency number or app for accidents in alpine terrain increased in IG from 19% to 31.7% (CG from 37.6% to 34.4%), with a highly significant group difference (p < .001). After the intervention, IG and CG participants answered an average of 8.3 ± 2.28 and 6.97 ± 2.99 out of 12 questions on FIS rules correctly, compared to 7.09 ± 2.37 and 6.05 ± 2.75 respectively pre-intervention, with no significant difference between groups (p = .36). To assess the sustainability of the intervention, data from 220 8th-graders of the two districts (111 IG, 109 CG) were analysed. High significant differences (p < .001) were observed in avalanche knowledge, with IG scoring higher than CG (3.49 ± 1.68 vs. 2.47 ± 1.66). IG also scored higher in knowledge on how to react in an on-piste accident (IG 1.84 ± 0.4, CG 1.31 ± 0.7 out of 2 points), and on FIS rules (IG 8.04 ± 2.11 vs. CG 6.34 ± 2.99), p < .001. Differences were also significant in knowledge on avalanche warning signs (IG 2.2 ± 0.73 vs. CG 1.86 ± 0.74, p = .001). Regarding knowledge on emergency numbers or apps for alpine accidents, CG scored significantly higher (1.26 ± 1) than IG (0.8 ± 0.8), p < .001. Discussion The results of the present study suggest that participation in the 3! Winter Life Camp leads to increased knowledge concerning various aspects of avalanche safety, prevention measures, and safety equipment among pupils. This aligns with literature showing the positive effects of preventive measures on injury risk in alpine skiing (Jørgensen et al., 1998). Furthermore, Nichols et al. (2018) reported that experienced skiers and snowboarders, as well as those who had participated in avalanche training before, are more likely to carry avalanche safety equipment with them than newcomers. The current study revealed that a significant proportion of pupils lacked knowledge regarding the components of a comprehensive avalanche safety equipment in the pre-test phase, with 96-98% exhibiting this deficiency. Post-intervention, knowledge on avalanche emergency equipment improved significantly. However, only 24.4% of IG participants could name all three components (transceiver, shovel, and probe). This shows that there should be even more focus on this topic during the course, especially when keeping in mind the findings of Gross et al. (2021), who show that young freeriders without knowledge on avalanche danger are at higher risk to be involved in an avalanche accident. In 7th-graders, the intervention showed no significant change in pupils’ knowledge on FIS rules between IG and CG. This lack of impact may be attributed to the primarily theoretical approach used in the classroom instruction of FIS rules, without a specific practical approach. However, 8th-graders from Lienz showed significant higher scores in the knowledge of FIS rules compared to the 8th-graders from Schwaz, which does indicate a certain preventive effect of the intervention of the past year. Concerning the project’s sustainability, it could be observed that one year after the training, 8th-graders of the IG had significantly higher knowledge on avalanches, correct behaviour in case of on-piste accidents, as well as FIS rules (as mentioned above), compared to 8th-graders of the CG. These results might suggest a lasting impact of the project after one year. Surprisingly, 8th-graders of the IG showed lower knowledge on emergency numbers or apps than those of the CG. This may indicate that it is important to stay informed and to participate in further courses, in order to maintain and expand this knowledge. Conclusion Results of this study suggest that the region-wide one-day prevention project 3! Winter Life Camp enhances pupils’ knowledge concerning avalanche risk and safety, with some sustainable effects. In this respect, the project seems to have a positive impact as a prevention programme. It can therefore be considered a first step towards motivating young people to continue or regularly engage with the topic of safety in winter sports. However, in order to sustainably reduce the high number of winter sports accidents, especially in the federal state of Tyrol, the programme should be implemented state-wide to reach more young pupils. Acknowledgement This study was financially supported by the Austrian Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit (KfV) and by the faculty of psychology and sport science at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. References Deutscher Alpenverein. (2022). Studie: Notfallausrüstung bei Skitourengruppen [Study: Emergency equipment for ski touring groups]. DAV Panorama, 1/2022. https://magazin.alpenverein.de/artikel/studie-notfallausruestung-bei-skitourengruppen_e5a47b87-a34c-4cb3-a734-3f4ea1983a04 Gross, M., Jackowki, C., & Schön, C. A. (2021). Fatalities associated with ski touring and freeriding: A retrospective analysis from 2001 to 2019. Forensic Science International: Reports, 4, Article 100239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2021.100239 Hildebrandt, C., Mildner, E., Hotter, B., Kirschner, W., Höbenreich, C., & Raschner, C. (2011). Accident prevention on ski slopes - Perceptions of safety and knowledge of existing rules. Accident; Analysis & Prevention, 43(4), 1421-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.018 Jørgensen, U., Fredensborg, T., Haraszuk, J. P., & Crone, K. L. (1998). Reduction of injuries in downhill skiing by use of an instructional ski-video: A prospective randomised intervention study. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 6(3), 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670050098 McCammon, I. D. (2003). Heuristic traps in recreational avalanche accidents: Evidence and implications, Part 1. Avalanche News, 22(2). https://www.americanavalancheassociation.org/s/TAR222r1-39gk.pdf Nichols, T. B., Hawley, A. C., Smith, W. R., Wheeler, A. R. 3rd, & McIntosh, S. E. (2018). Avalanche safety practices among backcountry skiers and snowboarders in Jackson Hole in 2016. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 29(4), 493-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2018.05.004 Österreichisches Kuratorium für Alpine Sicherheit. (2022). Presseaussendung April 2022 [Press release April 2022]. https://alpinesicherheit.at/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/PA-2022-Winter-2021_22_12042022.pdf Österreichisches Kuratorium für Alpine Sicherheit. (2023). Rohdaten Lawinenunfälle 01.11.2013 – 30.04.2023 [Raw data avalanche accidents 01.11.2013 - 30.04.2023]. Ruedl, G., Pocecco, E., Brunner, F., Greier, K., Hildebrandt, C., & Raschner, C. (2018). Einflussfaktoren auf das sicherheitsrelevante Wissen auf der Skipiste [Factors associated with safety knowledge on alpine ski slopes]. Sportverletzung Sportschaden, 32(4), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-115189 Semmel, C. (2007). Gesucht, gefunden – gerettet? [Searched, found - rescued?]. DAV Panorama, 6/2007, 83-85

Als die Christen den Talmud kennenlernten: Überlegungen auf Basis der Extractiones de Talmud

Im Jahr 1238 oder 1239 legte der jüdische Konvertit Nikolaus Donin Papst Gregor IX. 35 Anklagepunkte gegen den Talmud vor. Infolgedessen wurde nicht nur eine Disputation in Paris abgehalten (1240), sondern auch eine Sammlung von 1922 ins Lateinische übersetzten Zitaten aus dem babylonischen Talmud zusammengestellt (1245). Diese Extractiones de Talmud waren zunächst nach der Reihenfolge des Talmuds geordnet, wurden dann aber in 13 Kapitel mit polemischen und antijüdischen Titeln unterteilt. Beiden Fassungen sind Einleitungen vorangestellt, die zwar aufeinander aufbauen, aber dennoch einige Unterschiede aufweisen. Die vorliegende Studie zeigt beispielhaft, dass viele dieser Unterschiede auf den Einfluss von Nicholas Donin zurückzuführen sein könnten.In 1238 or 1239, the Jewish convert Nicholas Donin presented Pope Gregory IX with 35 accusations against the Talmud. As a result, not only was a disputation held in Paris (1240), but a collection of 1922 quotations from the Babylonian Talmud translated into Latin was also compiled (1245). These Extractiones de Talmud were initially arranged according to the order of the Talmud, but were then divided into 13 chapters with polemical and anti-Jewish titles. Both versions are preceded by introductions that, although building on each other, reveal a number of differences. The present study shows by way of example that many of these differences can probably be attributed to the influence of Nicholas Donin

Exercise as add-on therapy for smoking cessation in people with mental illness

Introduction & Purpose The prevalence of smoking among people with mental illness is two to four times higher than in the general population. Unsuccessful quit attempts, often due to low confidence in their ability to quit, suggest that smokers with mental illness may benefit from additional smoking cessation strategies (Mann-Wrobel et al., 2011). Exercise as an adjunct treatment for smoking cessation in healthy individuals is increasingly recommended in the literature (Ussher et al., 2019), but there is limited data for people with mental illness. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an exercise program as an add-on therapy for smoking cessation in people with mental illness. Methods 66 smokers with a diagnosed mental illness or mood disorders were included in a randomized controlled trial and received a standardized group smoking cessation program. Out of these 66 smokers, 38 individuals additionally participated in an exercise group (Nordic walking) and 28 in a control group (social contact group discussing health issues). Outcome variables were assessed by questionnaires at baseline (data available for 59 participants: 32 exercise group, 27 control group), during (after 3 weeks), and at the end of the program (5 weeks). Results The study had a dropout rate of 32%. At the end of the program, the abstinence rate was 19% in the exercise group and 30% in the control group (intention-to-treat analysis). There were no significant time-by-group interaction effects for any outcome variables. Significant group differences were found after 3 weeks for internal stimuli of self-efficacy (smokers’ confidence to resist smoking in certain situations; p = .026, ƞ² = .121) and after 5 weeks for frequency (p = .003, ƞ² = .210) and intensity (p = .007, ƞ² = .174) of cigarette craving. The control group showed higher self-efficacy and lower frequency and intensity of cigarette craving compared to the exercise group. Main effects over time were observed in both groups with improvement in several outcome variables (e.g., self-efficacy, positive affect, frequency, and intensity of cigarette craving). Discussion Group differences may be explained by pre-existing differences in cigarette dependence, motivation to quit, and BMI at baseline. It is known from the literature that higher cigarette dependence can lead to less successful quitting and higher relapse rates (Gierisch et al., 2012). Participants also had difficulty integrating program content into their daily lives and had low attendance rates. According to Zhou et al. (2023), a higher adherence rate would lead to a higher quit rate. Since the study was conducted in groups, the influence of group dynamics on motivation to quit smoking needs to be considered. Conclusion An additional effect of exercise as an adjunctive therapy in smoking cessation could not be confirmed, since the control group showed better outcome scores. Due to the high dropout rate, further studies with larger samples are needed. Improving access to smoking cessation programs, developing additional strategies, integrating evidence-based treatment into existing settings, and training health care professionals to engage people with mental illness in smoking cessation remain important areas for improvement (Falcaro et al., 2021). References Falcaro, M., Osborn, D., Hayes, J., Coyle, G., Couperthwaite, L., Weich, S., & Walters, K. R. (2021). Time trends in access to smoking cessation support for people with depression or severe mental illness: A cohort study in English primary care. BMJ Open, 11(12), Article e048341. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048341 Gierisch, J. M., Bastian, L. A., Calhoun, P. S., McDuffie, J. R., & Williams, J. W. (2012). Smoking cessation interventions for patients with depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27(3), 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1915-2 Mann-Wrobel, M. C., Bennett, M. E., Weiner, E. E., Buchanan, R. W., & Ball, M. P. (2011). Smoking history and motivation to quit in smokers with schizophrenia in a smoking cessation program. Schizophrenia Research, 126(1-3), 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.10.030 Ussher, M. H., Faulkner, G. E. J., Angus, K., Hartmann-Boyce, J., & Taylor, A. H. (2019). Exercise interventions for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019(10), Article CD002295. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002295.pub6 Zhou, Y., Feng, W., Guo, Y., & Wu, J. (2023). Effect of exercise intervention on smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Physiology, 14, Article 1221898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.122189

Synergy of exercise and hypoxia for brain health and aging – A narrative review

Regular exercise is a well-established means to improve brain health and prevent age-related neurological diseases, including dementia (Marques-Aleixo et al., 2020). The precise mechanisms how direct exercise effects are transmitted to the brain remain incompletely understood. However, the increased oxygen demand and associated metabolic stress in the primarily affected tissues – the working skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular and the respiratory system – likely play crucial roles in exercise-signalling to the brain (Severinsen & Pedersen, 2020). Besides the mobilization of beneficial circulating factors, the modulation of blood properties and blood-flow, the immune system and the autonomous system are involved. Intriguingly, physiological stress induced by low environmental oxygen availability (hypoxia) can induce the activation of similar processes like exercise. The aim of this contribution is to evaluate the role of hypoxia in the benefits of exercise on the brain. Accumulating evidence demonstrates the potential of direct modulation of inspired oxygen levels to improve neurological diseases (Burtscher et al., 2021). Reduced all-cause mortality in people living at moderate altitudes (and therefore in chronic, mild hypobaric hypoxia) may also be associated with reduced risk of neurological diseases, including of stroke (Faeh et al., 2009). This is surprising, because the hypoxic stress at moderate altitudes (usually defined as altitudes between 1,500 and 2,500 m) is generally considered too low to induce substantial hypoxia adaptations. It is thus possible that the combination of moderate environmental hypoxia at moderate altitude with the increased oxygen demand during exercise is required to promote protective adaptations, such as of the brain. Considering this possibility, synergistic and complementary molecular and systemic responses and adaptations to exercise and hypoxia may benefit the brain. Among the involved molecular processes are mitochondrial changes following cellular stress that are also linked to the regulation of adaptations by the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor, which is activated by both hypoxia and exercise. Mitochondria are the main molecular oxygen consumers, respond sensitively to stress and dispose of a wide array of intra- and intercellular communication modes (Memme et al., 2021). Moreover, exerkines, blood-borne factors released in response to exercise, have emerged as important mediators of inter-organ exercise-signalling (Severinsen & Pedersen, 2020) and modulate the autonomic and immune system in response to hypoxic and metabolic stress. In conclusion, the activation of endogenous responses to hypoxic and metabolic stress are powerful means to improve brain health and healthy aging. Based on the overlapping and distinct physiological responses to hypoxia and exercise, brain benefits of exercising at higher altitudes and advances in the development of customized strategies to improve brain resilience are promising approaches to target neurological diseases. While the safe performance of exercise in moderate altitudes is already considered an impactful way to improve brain health, the optimization of combined exercise and (artificially induced) hypoxia for specific target groups requires further in-depth investigation. References Burtscher, J., Mallet, R. T., Burtscher, M., & Millet, G. P. (2021). Hypoxia and brain aging: Neurodegeneration or neuroprotection? Ageing Research Reviews, 68, Article 101343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101343 Faeh, D., Gutzwiller, F., Bopp, M., & Group, S. N. C. S. (2009). Lower mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke at higher altitudes in Switzerland. Circulation, 120(6), 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.819250 Marques-Aleixo, I., Beleza, J., Sampaio, A., Stevanović, J., Coxito, P., Gonçalves, I., Ascensão, A., & Magalhães, J. (2020). Preventive and therapeutic potential of physical exercise in neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 34(8), 674–693. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2020.8075 Memme, J. M., Erlich, A. T., Phukan, G., & Hood, D. A. (2021). Exercise and mitochondrial health. The Journal of Physiology, 599(3), 803-817. https://doi.org/10.1113/jp278853 Severinsen, M. C. K., & Pedersen, B. K. (2020). Muscle-organ crosstalk: The emerging roles of myokines. Endocrine Reviews, 41(4), 594-609. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnaa01