41 research outputs found
p73α isoforms drive opposite transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of MYCN expression in neuroblastoma cells
MYCN activation, mainly by gene amplification, is one of the most frequent molecular events in neuroblastoma (NB) oncogenesis, and is associated with increased malignancy and decreased neuronal differentiation propensity. The frequency of concomitant loss of heterozygosity at the 1p36.3 locus, which harbours the p53 anti-oncogene homologue TP73, indicates that MYCN and p73 alterations may cooperate in the pathogenesis of NB. We have previously shown that p73 isoforms are deregulated in NB tumours and that TAp73 co-operates synergistically with p53 for apoptosis of NB cells, whereas ÎNp73 activates the expression of neuronal differentiation genes such as BTG2. Herein, using both ectopic expression and RNA interference-mediated silencing of p73 in MYCN amplified NB cells, we show that p73α isoforms inhibit MYCN expression at both transcript and protein levels, in spite of transactivator effects on MYCN promoter. To explain this paradox, we found that TAp73α exerts negative post-transcriptional effects leading to reduced MYCN mRNA stability. RNA immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that this dominant inhibitory post-transcriptional effect could be due to an interaction between the p73 protein and MYCN mRNA, a hypothesis also raised for the regulation of certain genes by the p53 protein
Expression of C-terminal deleted p53 isoforms in neuroblastoma
The tumor suppressor gene, p53, is rarely mutated in neuroblastomas (NB) at the time of diagnosis, but its dysfunction could result from a nonfunctional conformation or cytoplasmic sequestration of the wild-type p53 protein. However, p53 mutation, when it occurs, is found in NB tumors with drug resistance acquired over the course of chemotherapy. As yet, no study has been devoted to the function of the specific p53 mutants identified in NB cells. This study includes characterization and functional analysis of p53 expressed in eight cell lines: three wild-type cell lines and five cell lines harboring mutations. We identified two transcription-inactive p53 variants truncated in the C-terminus, one of which corresponded to the p53ÎČ isoform recently identified in normal tissue by Bourdon et al. [J. C. Bourdon, K. Fernandes, F. Murray-Zmijewski, G. Liu, A. Diot, D. P. Xirodimas, M. K. Saville and D. P. Lane (2005) Genes Dev., 19, 2122â2137]. Our results show, for the first time, that the p53ÎČ isoform is the only p53 species to be endogenously expressed in the human NB cell line SK-N-AS, suggesting that the C-terminus truncated p53 isoforms may play an important role in NB tumor development
Immunogenicity of Fractional Doses of Tetravalent A/C/Y/W135 Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine: Results from a Randomized Non-Inferiority Controlled Trial in Uganda
Meningitis are infections of the lining of the brain and spinal cord and can cause high fever, blood poisoning, and brain damage, as well as result in death in up to 10% of cases. Epidemics of meningitis occur almost every year in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, throughout a high-burden area spanning Senegal to Ethiopia dubbed the âMeningitis Belt.â Most epidemics in Africa are caused by Neisseria meningitidis (mostly serogroup A and W135). Mass vaccination campaigns attempt to control epidemics by administering meningococcal vaccines targeted against these serogroups, among others. However, global shortages of these vaccines are currently seen. We studied the use of fractional (1/5 and 1/10) doses of a licensed vaccine to assess its non-inferiority compared with the normal full dose. In a randomized trial in Uganda, we found that immune response and safety using a 1/5 dose were comparable to full dose for three serogroups (A, Y, W135), though not a fourth (C). In light of current shortages of meningococcal vaccines and their importance in fighting meningitis epidemics around the world, we suggest fractional doses be taken under consideration in mass vaccination campaigns
Specific bone cells produce DLL4 to generate thymus-seeding progenitors from bone marrow
Production of the cells that ultimately populate the thymus to generate α/ÎČ T cells has been controversial, and their molecular drivers remain undefined. Here, we report that specific deletion of bone-producing osteocalcin (Ocn)-expressing cells in vivo markedly reduces T-competent progenitors and thymus-homing receptor expression among bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Decreased intrathymic T cell precursors and decreased generation of mature T cells occurred despite normal thymic function. The Notch ligand DLL4 is abundantly expressed on bone marrow Ocn+ cells, and selective depletion of DLL4 from these cells recapitulated the thymopoietic abnormality. These data indicate that specific mesenchymal cells in bone marrow provide key molecular drivers enforcing thymus-seeding progenitor generation and thereby directly link skeletal biology to the production of T cell- based adaptive immunity
Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.
Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field
Les récepteurs à dépendance
Des Ă©tudes rĂ©centes ont mis en relief un nouvel aspect des rĂ©cepteurs cellulaires. L'interaction ligandrĂ©cepteur Ă©tait jusqu'Ă prĂ©sent considĂ©rĂ©e comme indispensable pour permettre l'activation du rĂ©cepteur. Il a cependant Ă©tĂ© suggĂ©rĂ© que certains de ces rĂ©cepteurs, appelĂ©s "rĂ©cepteurs Ă dĂ©pendance", peuvent Ă©galement ĂȘtre activĂ©s en l'absence de ligand et induire un signal spĂ©cifique de mort cellulaire. Par consĂ©quent, l'expression d'un ou plusieurs de ces rĂ©cepteurs rend les cellules dĂ©pendantes de la prĂ©sence du ligand pour leur survie. Nous avons Ă©mis l'hypothĂšse que ce mĂ©canisme permet d'inhiber la croissance tumorale en conduisant Ă l'apoptose les cellules "anormales" qui, en l'absence de ligand, seraient normalement amenĂ©es Ă prolifĂ©rer â croissance cellulaire locale ou prolifĂ©ration Ă distance du site tumoral. Dans le mĂȘme ordre d'idĂ©e, au dĂ©but des annĂ©es 90, le groupe de Vogelstein a suggĂ©rĂ© qu'un gĂšne, le gĂšne DCC (pour "deleted in colorectal cancer"), pourrait jouer un rĂŽle de suppresseur de tumeur car il Ă©tait retrouvĂ© dĂ©lĂ©tĂ© dans plus de 70 % des cancers colorectaux et de nombreux autres cancers. Les donnĂ©es recueillies au cours des quinze derniĂšres annĂ©es n'ont pas permis d'apaiser la controverse concernant l'implication du gĂšne DCC dans la suppression tumorale. Toutefois, notre Ă©quipe a pu montrer que DCC agit comme un rĂ©cepteur Ă dĂ©pendance qui induit la mort de la cellule lorsque son ligand, la nĂ©trine-1, est absent, et que des souris modifiĂ©es pour surexprimer la nĂ©trine-1 et bloquer ainsi l'apoptose induite par le gĂšne DCC Ă©taient prĂ©disposĂ©es au dĂ©veloppement de cancers colorectaux. Ces donnĂ©es renforcent l'hypothĂšse selon laquelle les rĂ©cepteurs Ă dĂ©pendance auraient un rĂŽle de suppresseurs de tumeurs. La prĂ©sente revue dĂ©crit le rĂŽle de l'interaction nĂ©trine-1/rĂ©cepteur comme nouveau mĂ©canisme de contrĂŽle du dĂ©veloppement tumoral
Interactivité entre p73 et p53 dans les cancers : un modÚle, le neuroblastome
Lâhomologie de structure et dâorganisation gĂ©nique existant entre p53 et ses deux homologues, p73 et p63, suggĂšre des fonctions biologiques similaires. NĂ©anmoins des diffĂ©rences notables existent entre les membres de la famille p53. Ainsi, p53 est frĂ©quemment mutĂ© dans les cancers humains, contrairement Ă p73 et p63. De plus, Ă lâopposĂ© de p53 dont le transcrit majoritaire couvre tous les exons du gĂšne, p73 et p63 codent pour deux types dâisoformes aux effets biologiques opposĂ©s : les unes, contenant un domaine de transactivation (TAD), ont des propriĂ©tĂ©s de protĂ©ine suppresseur de tumeur, tandis que les autres, dĂ©pourvues de TAD, possĂšdent des propriĂ©tĂ©s oncogĂ©niques. Par ailleurs, si p53 rĂ©pond aux stimulus gĂ©notoxiques, ses homologues participent au dĂ©veloppement et Ă la diffĂ©renciation tissulaires : tissu neuronal pour p73, tissu Ă©pithĂ©lial pour p63. Mais les trois membres de la famille p53 peuvent coopĂ©rer Ă©troitement lors de la rĂ©ponse cellulaire consĂ©cutive Ă un dommage gĂ©notoxique. Les tumeurs neuroblastiques, qui reproduisent les diffĂ©rents stades de diffĂ©renciation des cellules du systĂšme nerveux sympathique, constituent un modĂšle de choix pour Ă©tudier les relations entre p53 et p73, ainsi que la rĂ©gulation de leur expression