La ciborgs, androides y robótica de la cultura audiovisual al bioderecho y al bioconstitucionalismo: bases para el estatuto de la construcción del estatuto de la persona electrónica

Technological development is characterized by manifesting itself as a process with great capacity for progress, since technological developments become evident every month whose implications often seem unpredictable, since they are responsible for breaking the barrier that exists between imagination and reality. Going even to give viability to situations, beings or machines that formerly only existed in the imagination of people. All of which is in charge of putting in check the traditional anthropocentric notion of Human Rights, making it necessary to discuss the existence, even theoretical, of these new legal manifestations, in order that from said analysis responses arise to new problems that are difficult to solve. . These problems are called to allow bioethics to become an analysis tool, through which legal thought is exercised towards previously unimaginable spaces. Audiovisual culture can have a great impact on the way people perceive and understand bioethics. Through television, cinema, and streaming platforms, people's opinions and beliefs on ethical issues related to health, science, and human rights can be influenced. However, it is also important to note that audiovisual culture often has a commercial focus and can present a distorted picture of certain ethical issues. Audiovisual culture and bioethics have several connection points. First, the representation of bioethical issues in films, television series, and other audiovisual media can have a significant impact on how people perceive and understand these issues. For example, a film that dramatically portrays a case of human cloning can generate a great deal of public debate and diverse opinions on the subject. Second, the production and distribution of audiovisual content is subject to ethical and legal standards. For example, there are laws that prohibit the display of violent or sexually explicit content to minors, and there are also ethical provisions that prohibit the display of content that promotes discrimination or hate. Third, audiovisual technology may also have ethical implications in itself. For example, the use of virtual reality in medicine may have ethical interpretations regarding patient privacy and safety, and artificial intelligence may have ethical interpretations regarding decision automation and discrimination. To this end, this article presents a bioethical discussion that uses audiovisual popular culture to trace the notions of interaction through which people have consciously or unconsciously learned, the limits and concepts with which they formulate their version of the man/machine interaction.El desarrollo tecnológico se caracteriza por manifestarse como un proceso con gran capacidad de avance, puesto que mes a mes se hacen evidentes desarrollos tecnológicos cuyas implicaciones, parecen muchas veces imprevisibles, ya que se encargan de romper la barrera que existe entre la imaginación y la realidad, llegando incluso a dar viabilidad a situaciones, seres o máquinas, que antiguamente solo existían en la imaginación de las personas. Todo lo cual se encarga de poner en jaque la noción antropocéntrica tradicional de los Derechos Humanos, siendo necesario discutir la existencia, aunque sea teórica, de estas nuevas manifestaciones jurídicas, con la finalidad de que de dicho análisis surjan respuestas ante problemas novedosos de difícil resolución. Estos problemas están llamados a permitir que la bioética se convierta en una herramienta de análisis, a través de la cual se ejercite el pensamiento jurídico hacia espacios antes inimaginables. La cultura audiovisual puede tener un gran impacto en la forma en que las personas perciben y entienden la bioética. A través de la televisión, el cine, y las plataformas de streaming, se puede influir en las opiniones y creencias de las personas sobre temas éticos relacionados con la salud, la ciencia y los DDHH. Sin embargo, también es importante tener en cuenta que la cultura audiovisual a menudo tiene un enfoque comercial y puede presentar una imagen distorsionada de ciertos temas éticos.La cultura audiovisual y la bioética tienen varios puntos de conexión. En primer lugar, la representación de temas bioéticos en películas, series de televisión y otros medios audiovisuales, puede tener un impacto significativo en cómo las personas perciben y entienden estos temas. Por ejemplo, una película que retrata de manera dramática un caso de clonación humana, puede generar una gran cantidad de debate público y opiniones diversas sobre el tema. En segundo lugar, la producción y distribución de contenido audiovisual, estásujeta a las normas éticas y legales. Por ejemplo, hay leyes que prohíben la exposición de contenido violento o sexualmente explícito a menores de edad, y también hay disposiciones éticas que prohíben la exposición de contenido que promueve la discriminación o el odio. En tercer lugar, la tecnología audiovisual también puede tener implicaciones éticas en sí misma. Por ejemplo, el uso de la realidad virtual en la medicina puede tener interpretaciones éticas, en cuanto a la privacidad y seguridad de los pacientes, y la inteligencia artificial puede tener interpretaciones éticas en cuanto a la automatización de decisiones y la discriminación. Con este fin, el presente artículo presenta una discusión bioética que utiliza a la cultura popular audiovisual, para rastrear las nociones de interacción a través de las cuales las personas han aprendido consciente o inconscientemente, los límites y conceptos con los que formulan su versión de la interacción hombre/máquina

Incidence of confusional syndrome (delirium) in a Latin American university hospital

Introducción: Poco se conoce acerca de la incidencia del delirio en pacientes hospitalizados en diferentes servicios de hospitales universitarios en Latinoamérica y de los subtipos que se presentan. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia del delirio, la frecuencia de los subtipos motores y los factores asociados en pacientes hospitalizados en diferentes servicios de un hospital universitario en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: Se dio seguimiento a una cohorte de pacientes mayores de 18 años hospitalizados en los servicios de Medicina Interna, Geriatría, Cuidado Intensivo, Cirugía General y Ortopedia de un hospital universitario entre enero y junio de 2018. Para identificar la presencia de delirio, se utilizó la escala CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) y la CAM-ICU si el paciente presentaba disminución de las capacidades de comunicación. El subtipo de delirio se caracterizó utilizando la escala RASS (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale). Los pacientes fueron valorados el día de ingreso y luego cada 2 días hasta su alta hospitalaria. Se derivó a los pacientes en quienes se identificó delirio para tratamiento especializado interdisciplinario intrainstitucional. Resultados: Se evaluó a 531 pacientes que ingresaron durante ese periodo a los servicios mencionados. La incidencia global del delirio fue del 12% (IC95%, 0,3-14,8). En orden descendiente, el 31,8% de los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de Geriatría, el 15,6% en Cuidado Intensivo, el 8,7% en Medicina Interna, el 5,1% en Ortopedia y el 3,9% en Cirugía. El subtipo motor más frecuente fue el mixto (60,9%), seguido por el normoactivo (34,4%) y el hipoactivo (4,7%). Los factores asociados con la incidencia del delirio fueron la edad (RR ajustada = 1,07; IC95%, 1,05-1,09), la presencia de 4 o más comorbilidades (RR ajustada = 2,04; IC95%, 1,31-3,20) y la hospitalización en Cuidado Intensivo (RR ajustada = 2,02; IC95%, 1,22-3,35). Conclusiones: La incidencia del delirio es heterogénea en los diferentes servicios del hospital universitario. La mayor incidencia se presentó en pacientes ingresados en el servicio de Geriatría; el subtipo más frecuente fue el mixto y los principales factores asociados fueron la edad, la presencia de 4 o más comorbilidades y la hospitalización en Cuidado Intensivo.Q3Pacientes con delirioBackground: Little is known about the incidence of delirium and its subtypes in patients admitted to different departments of university hospitals in Latin America. Objective: To determine the incidence of delirium and the frequency of its subtypes, as well as its associated factors, in patients admitted to different departments of a university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: A cohort of patients over 18 years of age admitted to the internal medicine (IM), geriatrics (GU), general surgery (GSU), orthopaedics (OU) and intensive care unit (ICU) services of a university hospital was followed up between January and June 2018. To detect the presence of delirium, we used the CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) and the CAM-ICU if the patient had decreased communication skills. The delirium subtype was characterised using the RASS (Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale). Patients were assessed on their admission date and then every two days until discharged from the hospital. Those in whom delirium was identified were referred for specialised intra-institutional interdisciplinary management. Results: A total of 531 patients admitted during the period were assessed. The overall incidence of delirium was 12% (95% CI, 0.3-14.8). They represented 31.8% of patients in the GU, 15.6% in the ICU, 8.7% in IM, 5.1% in the OU, and 3.9% in the GSU. The most frequent clinical display was the mixed subtype, at 60.9%, followed by the normoactive subtype (34.4%) and the hypoactive subtype (4.7%). The factors most associated with delirium were age (adjusted RR = 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.09), the presence of four or more comorbidities (adjusted RR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.31-3.20), and being a patient in the ICU (adjusted RR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.22-3.35). Conclusions: The incidence of delirium is heterogeneous in the different departments of the university hospital. The highest incidence occurred in patients that were admitted to the GU. The mixed subtype was the most frequent one, and the main associated factors were age, the presence of four or more comorbidities, and being an ICU patient.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-7060https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1430-1336https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1982-6799https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0477-1908https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3019-0293https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9013-5384Revista Nacional - IndexadaBN

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since July 2014. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the fourteenth from SDSS overall (making this, Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes public data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (July 2014-2016). Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS); the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data driven machine learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS website (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release, and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020, and will be followed by SDSS-V.Comment: SDSS-IV collaboration alphabetical author data release paper. DR14 happened on 31st July 2017. 19 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by ApJS on 28th Nov 2017 (this is the "post-print" and "post-proofs" version; minor corrections only from v1, and most of errors found in proofs corrected

Association Between Preexisting Versus Newly Identified Atrial Fibrillation and Outcomes of Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) may exist before or occur early in the course of pulmonary embolism (PE). We determined the PE outcomes based on the presence and timing of AF. Methods and Results Using the data from a multicenter PE registry, we identified 3 groups: (1) those with preexisting AF, (2) patients with new AF within 2 days from acute PE (incident AF), and (3) patients without AF. We assessed the 90-day and 1-year risk of mortality and stroke in patients with AF, compared with those without AF (reference group). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 792 had preexisting AF. These patients had increased odds of 90-day all-cause (odds ratio [OR], 2.81; 95% CI, 2.33-3.38) and PE-related mortality (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.37-4.14) and increased 1-year hazard for ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 5.48; 95% CI, 3.10-9.69) compared with those without AF. After multivariable adjustment, preexisting AF was associated with significantly increased odds of all-cause mortality (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.57-2.32) but not PE-related mortality (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.85-2.66). Among 16 497 patients with PE, 445 developed new incident AF within 2 days of acute PE. Incident AF was associated with increased odds of 90-day all-cause (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.75-2.97) and PE-related (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.01-6.59) mortality but not stroke. Findings were similar in multivariable analyses. Conclusions In patients with acute symptomatic PE, both preexisting AF and incident AF predict adverse clinical outcomes. The type of adverse outcomes may differ depending on the timing of AF onset.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 9

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, volumen 9, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, que cuenta con el esfuerzo de investigadores de varios países del mundo, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico que consoliden la transformación del conocimiento en diferentes escenarios, tanto organizacionales como universitarios, para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas del quehacer diario. La gestión del conocimiento es un camino para consolidar una plataforma en las empresas públicas o privadas, entidades educativas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, ya sea generando políticas para todas las jerarquías o un modelo de gestión para la administración, donde es fundamental articular el conocimiento, los trabajadores, directivos, el espacio de trabajo, hacia la creación de ambientes propicios para el desarrollo integral de las instituciones

Innovación en las enseñanzas universitarias: experiencias presentadas en las III Jornadas de Innovación Educativa de la ULL

En este libro se recoge un conjunto de experiencias de innovación educativa desarrolladas en la ULL en el curso 2011-12. Se abordan distintos ámbitos y ramas del conocimiento, y ocupan temáticas variadas que han sido desarrolladas con rigor, y con un claro potencial para su extrapolación a efectos de la mejora educativa en el ámbito universitario. Esta publicación constituye una primera edición de una serie que irá recogiendo las experiencias de innovación educativa de la ULL. Este es un paso relevante para su impulso en nuestra institución, como lo es el de su vinculación con la investigación educativa, para potenciar su publicación en las revistas científicas en este ámbito cada vez más pujante y relevante para las universidades. Sobre todo representan el deseo y el compromiso del profesorado de la ULL para la mejora del proceso educativo mediante la investigación, la evaluación y la reflexión compartida de nuestras prácticas y planteamientos docentes

The Fourteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey and from the Second Phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment

The fourth generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV) has been in operation since 2014 July. This paper describes the second data release from this phase, and the 14th from SDSS overall (making this Data Release Fourteen or DR14). This release makes the data taken by SDSS-IV in its first two years of operation (2014–2016 July) public. Like all previous SDSS releases, DR14 is cumulative, including the most recent reductions and calibrations of all data taken by SDSS since the first phase began operations in 2000. New in DR14 is the first public release of data from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey; the first data from the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2), including stellar parameter estimates from an innovative data-driven machine-learning algorithm known as "The Cannon"; and almost twice as many data cubes from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey as were in the previous release (N = 2812 in total). This paper describes the location and format of the publicly available data from the SDSS-IV surveys. We provide references to the important technical papers describing how these data have been taken (both targeting and observation details) and processed for scientific use. The SDSS web site (www.sdss.org) has been updated for this release and provides links to data downloads, as well as tutorials and examples of data use. SDSS-IV is planning to continue to collect astronomical data until 2020 and will be followed by SDSS-V

Dietary α‐Linolenic Acid, Marine ω‐3 Fatty Acids, and Mortality in a Population With High Fish Consumption: Findings From the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Study

Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of α‐linolenic acid (ALA), a plant‐derived ω‐3 fatty acid. It is unclear whether ALA is beneficial in a background of high marine ω‐3 fatty acids (long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) intake. In persons at high cardiovascular risk from Spain, a country in which fish consumption is customarily high, we investigated whether meeting the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids recommendation for dietary ALA (0.7% of total energy) at baseline was related to all‐cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. We also examined the effect of meeting the society's recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥500 mg/day). Methods and Results: We longitudinally evaluated 7202 participants in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) trial. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios. ALA intake correlated to walnut consumption (r=0.94). During a 5.9‐y follow‐up, 431 deaths occurred (104 cardiovascular disease, 55 coronary heart disease, 32 sudden cardiac death, 25 stroke). The hazard ratios for meeting ALA recommendation (n=1615, 22.4%) were 0.72 (95% CI 0.56–0.92) for all‐cause mortality and 0.95 (95% CI 0.58–1.57) for fatal cardiovascular disease. The hazard ratios for meeting the recommendation for long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n=5452, 75.7%) were 0.84 (95% CI 0.67–1.05) for all‐cause mortality, 0.61 (95% CI 0.39–0.96) for fatal cardiovascular disease, 0.54 (95% CI 0.29–0.99) for fatal coronary heart disease, and 0.49 (95% CI 0.22–1.01) for sudden cardiac death. The highest reduction in all‐cause mortality occurred in participants meeting both recommendations (hazard ratio 0.63 [95% CI 0.45–0.87]). Conclusions: In participants without prior cardiovascular disease and high fish consumption, dietary ALA, supplied mainly by walnuts and olive oil, relates inversely to all‐cause mortality, whereas protection from cardiac mortality is limited to fish‐derived long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.Controlled-trials.com/. Unique identifier: ISRCTN35739639

The legal process for characterizing groups outside the law: issues about the colombian armed conflict

El presente capítulo realiza un análisis de las condiciones jurídico-legales que rodean la caracterización de los grupos armados organizados (GAO) en el marco del conflicto armado colombiano. Para ello, es imprescindible partir del desarrollo del derecho internacional humanitario (DIH) y del Estatuto de Roma (ER) de la Corte Penal Internacional (CPI), con el fin de comprender cuáles son los principios rectores que delimitan el escenario nacional e internacional, frente a las estructuras armadas no estatales. La existencia de un conflicto armado interno ha determinado una serie de respuestas políticas que no describen de manera integral los actores del conflicto, lo que repercute en el escenario jurídico, el cual, al no contar con una caracterización adecuada, suele aparecer como subsidiario. Es por ello que resulta primordial el análisis de la necesidad jurídica de establecer una caracterización, con el fin de comprender la complejidad de los conflictos, para que la aplicación del DIH no se realice de manera accesoria respecto de las políticas de gobierno, creando condiciones particulares a nuestro ya atizado conflicto.This chapter analyzes the juridical-legal conditions that surround the characterization of organized armed groups (GAO) in the framework of the Colombian armed conflict. For this, it is essential to start from the development of international humanitarian law (IHL) and the Rome Statute (ER) of the International Criminal Court (ICC), in order to understand what are the guiding principles that define the national and international scenario, against non-state armed structures. The existence of an internal armed conflict has determined a series of political responses that do not fully describe the actors in the conflict, which has repercussions on the legal scenario, which, since it does not have an adequate characterization, usually appears as subsidiary. That is why it is essential to analyze the legal need to establish a characterization, in order to understand the complexity of the conflicts, so that the application of IHL is not carried out in an accessory way with respect to government policies, creating particular conditions. to our already stoked conflic

Delimitação conceitual do fenômeno das execuções extrajudiciais

The international community has centered its attention on the phenomenon of extrajudicial executions or so-called “false positives.” The increasing reports of victims, years of impunity, and lack of accountability of those responsible have generated multiple documents by NGOs and international agencies on the situation. However, the definition of “false positives” is still unclear. It has been interpreted as a violation of human rights and an international crime, but also as a crime against humanity and a war crime. Therefore, it is necessary to delimit the concept of “false positives” to characterize the phenomenon.La preocupación de la comunidad internacional frente al fenómeno de las ejecuciones extrajudiciales o mal denominados “falsos positivos” es alta. Las cifras alarmantes de víctimas y la preocupante impunidad frente a estos casos han llevado a que organizaciones no internacionales y organismos internacionales adelanten reportes, informes y estudios jurídicos sobre el tema. Sin embargo, el concepto de “falsos positivos” no es del todo claro, pues parece ser tanto una violación de derechos humanos por parte del Estado colombiano, como una conducta que puede constituir un crimen de lesa humanidad y un crimen de guerra. Cualquier intento actual por entender el fenómeno debe iniciar por delimitar conceptualmente qué se entiende por “falsos positivos”.A preocupação da comunidade internacional é cada vez maior ante o fenômeno das execuções extrajudiciais ou denominadas erroneamente de “falsos positivos”. O número alarmante de vítimas e a preocupante impunidade nesses casos têm levado organizações não governamentais e organizações internacionais a realizar relatórios e estudos jurídicos sobre o assunto. No entanto, o próprio conceito de “falsos positivos” não é totalmente claro, pois parece ser uma violação dos direitos humanos por parte do Estado colombiano e uma conduta criminosa que pode constituir um crime contra a humanidade e um crime de guerra. Qualquer tentativa atual de entendimento do fenômeno deve partir da delimitação conceitual do que se entende por falsos positivos