THE ROSE POWDERY MILDEW (Podosphaera pannosa)

Articulo de revisión, sobre el estado actual de Podosphaera pannosaEn México la rosa (Rosa sp.) es una especie ornamental con importancia económica y una de las más demandadas; entre las enfermedades que la afectan destaca la cenicilla. Esta enfermedad es causada por el biótrofo Podosphaera pannosa y repercute en la productividad, calidad, comercialización y costos de producción. Entre los fungicidas empleados para el control de la enfermedad destacan los inhibidores de la desmetilación y de la biosíntesis del ergosterol, y las estrobilurinas que inhiben la respiración mitocondrial. Algunos de estos fungicidas pierden su eficacia debido a la resistencia que va adquiriendo el patógeno. El desarrollo del patógeno está condicionado por diferentes aspectos bioecológicos y la variabilidad genética; a pesar de que se cuenta con un grupo amplio de medidas, genéticas y biológicas, su control es insuficiente. Actualmente, una alternativa es utilizar inductores de resistencia, como fosfito de potasio, silicio y acibenzolar-s-metil, contra patógenos como Peronospora sparsa y P. pannosa en el cultivo de rosa. En este ensayo se analizó la información actual de la cenicilla del rosal y proporciona perspectivas para estudios futuros de la enfermedad.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Cancrosis en ramas de salix bonplandiana kunth causada por Alternaría tenuissima (kunze ex pers.) wiltshire

Salix bonplandiana Kunth, una especie arbórea nativa del Valle de México, es usada para reforestación, sus ramillas en cestería y como ornamental, su madera para construir graneros y sus hojas como forraje. Por ello es importante identificar los agentes causales de enfermedades que afectan su desarrollo. Para determinar el agente causal de la enfermedad que produce cancros en ramas de S. bomplandiana se efectuaron aislamientos y pruebas de patogenicidad. Las muestras recolectadas de tallos y ramas con cancros se sembraron en PDA y se incubaron 72 h a 25 °C. El hongo se purificó y se realizaron pruebas de patogenicidad en tres tratamientos, T1) lesiones en ramas de S. bonplandiana donde se inoculó una suspensión de 1×106 conidios mL-1 del hongo, T2) lesiones inoculadas con agua destilada estéril, y T3) testigo absoluto. Los primeros cancros de la enfermedad se observaron en T1 y T2, 11 d después de la inoculación. De estos cancros se reaisló el hongo Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze ex Pers.) Wiltshire con características iguales al inóculo inicial. Además, la secuenciación del ADNr-ITS mostró 99 % de homología con las secuencia de A. tenuissima reportada en el GenBank-NCBI

The compositionally distinct cyanobacterial biocrusts from brazilian savanna and their environmental drivers of community diversity

Machado de Lima, Náthali Maria. São Paulo State University (UNESP). Microbiology Graduation Program. Department of Zoology and Botany. São Paulo, Brazil.Cámara Fernandes, Vanessa Moreira. Arizona State University. Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics. Biodesign Institute. Tempe, Arizona, United States.Roush, Daniel. Arizona State University. Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics. Biodesign Institute. Tempe, Arizona, United States.Velasco Ayuso, Sergio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Buenos Aires, Argentina.Rigonato, Janaina. University of São Paulo (USP). Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA). Piracicaba, Brazil.Garcia Pichel, Ferran. Arizona State University. Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics. Biodesign Institute. Tempe, Arizona, United States.Zanini Branco, Luis Henrique. São Paulo State University (UNESP). Microbiology Graduation Program. Department of Zoology and Botany. São Paulo, Brazil.10The last decade was marked by efforts to define and identify the main cyanobacterial players in biological crusts around the world. However, not much is known about biocrusts in Brazil’s tropical savanna (cerrado), despite the existence of environments favorable to their development and ecological relevance. We examined the community composition of cyanobacteria in biocrusts from six sites distributed in the Southeast of the country using high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and phylogenetic placement in the wider context of biocrusts from deserts. Sequences ascribable to 22 genera of cyanobacteria were identified. Although a significant proportion of sequences did not match those of known cyanobacteria, several clades of Leptolyngbya and Porphyrosiphon were found to be the most abundant. We identified significant differences in dominance and overall composition among the cerrado sites, much larger than within-site variability. The composition of cerrado cyanobacterial communities was distinct from those known in biocrusts from North American deserts. Among several environmental drivers considered, the opposing trend of annual precipitation and mean annual temperature best explained the variability in community composition within Brazilian biocrusts. Their compositional uniqueness speaks of the need for dedicated efforts to study the ecophysiology of tropical savanna biocrust and their roles in ecosystem function for management and preservation

Eventos adversos asociados a post-vacunas COVID 19 en pacientes de una Unidad de Medicina Familiar

The prompt response to having vaccines against COVID-19 has been essential for the control of the pandemic. Scientific evidence has reported adverse events after inmunization ranging from mild to very severe reactions. To analyze the association between adversen events and types of vaccines in patients who attended a Social Security Family Medicine Unit (umf) in Puebla for this reason. Data from 134 patients who attended the clinic between February 2021 and February 2022 for presenting signs and symptoms after immunization for COVID-19 were analyzed. Those who reprted symptoms of attack to the general state (ags) were classified as (G1), G2 with respiratory symptoms plus AGS, G3 with digestive symptoms plus AGS, and G4 with digestive and respiratory symptoms plus AGS. From G1 they were 35.8%, G2 28.4%, G3 23.9% and G4 11.9%. Vaccines are a positive option to avoid COVID 19. In this study, diarrea was highly significant in the association as an adverse effect after the applicaction of the Sputnik and Astral Zenecal vaccines.La pronta respuesta para contar con vacunas contra COVID 19 ha sido fundamental para el control de la pandemia. Evidencias científicas han reportado eventos adversos posteriores a la inmunización que van desde reacciones leves hasta muy graves. Objetivo: Analizar los eventos adversos asociados a post-vacunas COVID 19 en pacientes de una Unidad de Medicina Familiar. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal con información retrolectiva. De la base de datos que registra eventos adversos a vacunas, se recabó información del total de pacientes (134) que acudieron a consulta externa por presentar síntomas y signos que asociaron a la aplicación de vacunas para COVID 19 durante febrero de 2021 a febrero de 2022 de una Unidad Médico Familiar de seguridad social de Puebla. Se conformaron cuatro grupos de acuerdo con la sintomatología. (G1) los que reportaron síntomas de ataque al estado general (AEG), G2 síntomas respiratorios más AEG, G3 síntomas digestivos más AEG y G4 síntomas digestivos, respiratorios más AEG. Las variables bajo estudio fueron edad, género, ocupación, antecedentes antes de la vacunación, sano, con VIH, alergias, dosis recibida, marca de la vacuna recibida. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables bajo estudio, para investigar asociaciones se realizó un análisis bivariado y mutivariado mediante una regresión logística para el cálculo de los ORs. Resultados: La edad promedio de los grupos fue de 35 años, en los grupos G2 y G3 predominó el sexo femenino, en su mayoría empleados para los cuatro grupos. Las vacunas más aplicadas de acuerdo con lo reportado fueron AstraZeneca 38.06% y Sputnik 35.07%. Los resultados de la regresión logística ajustada considerando como variable de referencia el grupo G4 fueron para la vacuna Sputnik OR9.39 (P 0.001) y para Astra Zeneca OR 6.72 (P0.00). Conclusión: Las vacunas son una opción positiva para evitar COVID 19. En este estudio las vacunas que resultaron con una asociación significativa para presentar síntomas respiratorios, digestivos y ataque al estado general fueron Sputnik y AztraZeneca

Strategies to design clinical studies to identify predictive biomarkers in cancer research

The discovery of reliable biomarkers to predict efficacy and toxicity of anticancer drugs remains one of the key challenges in cancer research. Despite its relevance, no efficient study designs to identify promising candidate biomarkers have been established. This has led to the proliferation of a myriad of exploratory studies using dissimilar strategies, most of which fail to identify any promising targets and are seldom validated. The lack of a proper methodology also determines that many anti-cancer drugs are developed below their potential, due to failure to identify predictive biomarkers. While some drugs will be systematically administered to many patients who will not benefit from them, leading to unnecessary toxicities and costs, others will never reach registration due to our inability to identify the specific patient population in which they are active. Despite these drawbacks, a limited number of outstanding predictive biomarkers have been successfully identified and validated, and have changed the standard practice of oncology. In this manuscript, a multidisciplinary panel reviews how those key biomarkers were identified and, based on those experiences, proposes a methodological framework—the DESIGN guidelines—to standardize the clinical design of biomarker identification studies and to develop future research in this pivotal field

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Overview of recent TJ-II stellarator results

The main results obtained in the TJ-II stellarator in the last two years are reported. The most important topics investigated have been modelling and validation of impurity transport, validation of gyrokinetic simulations, turbulence characterisation, effect of magnetic configuration on transport, fuelling with pellet injection, fast particles and liquid metal plasma facing components. As regards impurity transport research, a number of working lines exploring several recently discovered effects have been developed: the effect of tangential drifts on stellarator neoclassical transport, the impurity flux driven by electric fields tangent to magnetic surfaces and attempts of experimental validation with Doppler reflectometry of the variation of the radial electric field on the flux surface. Concerning gyrokinetic simulations, two validation activities have been performed, the comparison with measurements of zonal flow relaxation in pellet-induced fast transients and the comparison with experimental poloidal variation of fluctuations amplitude. The impact of radial electric fields on turbulence spreading in the edge and scrape-off layer has been also experimentally characterized using a 2D Langmuir probe array. Another remarkable piece of work has been the investigation of the radial propagation of small temperature perturbations using transfer entropy. Research on the physics and modelling of plasma core fuelling with pellet and tracer-encapsulated solid-pellet injection has produced also relevant results. Neutral beam injection driven Alfvénic activity and its possible control by electron cyclotron current drive has been examined as well in TJ-II. Finally, recent results on alternative plasma facing components based on liquid metals are also presentedThis work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. It has been partially funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Inovación y Universidades of Spain under projects ENE2013-48109-P, ENE2015-70142-P and FIS2017-88892-P. It has also received funds from the Spanish Government via mobility grant PRX17/00425. The authors thankfully acknowledge the computer resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by the Barcelona S.C. It has been supported as well by The Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU), Project P-507F

Search for supersymmetry in events with b-quark jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at 7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for physics beyond the standard model based on events with large missing transverse energy, at least three jets, and at least one, two, or three b-quark jets. The study is performed using a sample of proton-proton collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2011. The integrated luminosity of the sample is 4.98 inverse femtobarns. The observed number of events is found to be consistent with the standard model expectation, which is evaluated using control samples in the data. The results are used to constrain cross sections for the production of supersymmetric particles decaying to b-quark-enriched final states in the context of simplified model spectra.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review

Connected Insulin Pens and Caps : An Expert's Recommendation from the Area of Diabetes of the Spanish Endocrinology and Nutrition Society (SEEN)

Undoubtedly, technological advances have revolutionised diabetes management in recent years. The development of advanced closed hybrid loop insulin pumps or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, among others, have increased the quality of life and improved glycaemic control of people with diabetes. However, only some patients have access to such technology, and only some want to use it. CGM has become much more widespread, but in terms of insulin delivery, most people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and almost all people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) on insulin therapy are treated with multiple-dose insulin injections (MDI) rather than an insulin pump. For these patients, using connected insulin pens or caps has shown benefits in reducing missed insulin injections and promoting correct administration over time. In addition, using these devices improves the quality of life and user satisfaction. The integration of insulin injection and CGM data facilitates both users and the healthcare team to analyse glucose control and implement appropriate therapeutic changes, reducing therapeutic inertia. This expert's recommendation reviews the characteristics of the devices marketed or in the process of being marketed and their available scientific evidence. Finally, it suggests the profile of users and professionals who would benefit most, the barriers to its generalisation and the changes in the care model that implementing these devices can bring with it

Performance and Operation of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented