76 research outputs found
Determination of potential habitat suitability for the European Otter (Lutra lutra) in geographical sectors of metropolitan France
AprĂšs une longue pĂ©riode de rĂ©gression (de 1930 Ă 1990), la Loutre dâEurope est aujourdâhui en phase de recolonisation en France. Afin de favoriser sa reconquĂȘte, un des objectifs du plan national dâaction en faveur de ce mustĂ©lidĂ© est de dĂ©terminer et localiser les habitats potentiellement favorables Ă cette espĂšce. Pour cela, pour chaque sous-secteur hydrographique, nous avons renseignĂ© des facteurs indispensables Ă la prĂ©sence de la Loutre : disponibilitĂ© et qualitĂ© du milieu aquatique et des zones humides, disponibilitĂ© de la ressource alimentaire, dĂ©rangement humain et caractĂ©ristiques gĂ©nĂ©rales de lâĂ©cosystĂšme (type dâoccupation du sol, relief) afin de pouvoir crĂ©er un modĂšle Maxent. DâaprĂšs ce modĂšle, 30 % des sous-secteurs de France mĂ©tropolitaine sont peu favorables Ă la Loutre, 68 % sont assez favorables Ă lâimplantation de cette espĂšce et 2 % peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s comme trĂšs favorables Ă lâinstallation de la Loutre dâEurope.After a long period of decline, the European Otter is now in the process of recolonizing the French territory. In order to facilitate its expansion, one of the objectives of the National Action Plan is to define and locate the habitat suitability for this mustelid in France. For each river sub-sector we gathered all available information about the factors (availability and quality of aquatic habitat, availability of food resources, human disturbances and general characteristics of the ecosystem) essential to the presence of the otter in order to create a Maxent model. According to this model, 30 % of the sub-sectors in metropolitan France are unlikely to offer favourable habitats for the Otter, 68 % should contain favourable habitats and 2 % could be considered as very favourable for the settling of European otters
Optical Probing of Ultrafast Laser-Induced Solid-to-Overdense-Plasma Transitions
Understanding the target dynamics during its interaction with a relativistic
ultrashort laser pulse is a challenging fundamental multi-physics problem
involving at least atomic and solid-state physics, plasma physics, and laser
physics. Already, the properties of the so-called pre-plasma formed as the
laser pulse's rising edge ionizes the target are complicated to access in
experiments and modeling, and many aspects of this laser-induced transition
from solid to overdense plasma over picosecond time scales are still open
questions. At the same time, applications like laser-driven ion acceleration
require precise knowledge and control of the pre-plasma because the efficiency
of the acceleration process itself crucially depends on the target properties
at the arrival of the relativistic intensity peak of the pulse. By capturing
the dynamics of the initial stage of the interaction, we report on a detailed
visualization of the pre-plasma formation and evolution. Nanometer-thin
diamond-like carbon foils are shown to transition from solid to plasma during
the laser rising edge with intensities < 10^16 W/cm^2. Single-shot
near-infrared probe transmission measurements evidence sub-picosecond dynamics
of an expanding plasma with densities above 10^23 cm^-3 (about 100 times the
critical plasma density). The complementarity of a solid-state interaction
model and a kinetic plasma description provides deep insight into the interplay
of ionization, collisions, and expansion
CartografĂa en Francia, para el proyecto âTrame verte et bleueâ, de las continuidades ecolĂłgicas de importancia nacional que constituyen los setos
Maintaining a dense ecological network for different habitats is a challenge to
guarantee persistence of ecological processes at national scale. As cultural landscape favourable for biodiversity,
bocage represents an important stake in terms of connectivity. In the context of the âTrame verte et
bleueâ project and the definition of its guidelines, we carried out a survey to propose a map of bocage ecological
continuities of national significance. The process is based on a cartographic crossing between three
data sources: two existing maps of land use and crop diversity, and an indicative map of ecological quality.
The latter was produced representing specific richness of 11 bocage-dependent species in a grid. When the
three criteria were visually satisfied in the manual cartographic crossing, structural and functional continuity
was identified. The obtained map highlights 9 main indicative continuities. The results were confronted to
local data and expertise to assess map relevance. The main objective of this work is to facilitate national
coherence of regional ecological networksLa conservaciĂłn de una red nacional de
corredores ecolĂłgicos que sea lo suficientemente densa y que incluya diferentes tipos de sistemas naturales
es un gran desafĂo a la hora de asegurar la perennidad de los procesos ecolĂłgicos que se desarrollan a gran
escala. Entre estos corredores ecolĂłgicos, destacan por su importancia los setos y otras formaciones vegetales
que aparecen en los paisajes cultivados. Estas formaciones vegetales permiten conciliar la actividad
agrĂcola con la conservaciĂłn de la biodiversidad. Para el proyecto âTrame verte et bleueâ y la definiciĂłn de
sus grandes orientaciones, proponemos un mapa de Francia que incluye continuidades ecolĂłgicas importantes
a nivel nacional. Para ello, hemos combinado manualmente tres fuentes cartogrĂĄficas: un mapa de la
densidad de setos, otro con la diversidad de cultivos y otro mapa que indica la presencia en una cuadrĂcula de
once especies habituales de los setos y que tienen requerimientos ecolĂłgicos estrictos. Los grupos vegetales
que destacaban visualmente siguiendo estos tres criterios cartogrĂĄficos se han considerado como continuidades
ecolĂłgicas nacionales relevantes desde un punto de vista funcional y estructural. El mapa obtenido
presenta nueve grandes corredores a la escala nacional. Estos resultados han sido confrontados con estudios
regionales y con cuestionarios a expertos. Esperamos que este mapa permita favorecer la coherencia de las
tramas regionales de redes ecológicas en FranciaLe maintien d'un réseau suffisamment dense de continuités écologiques à l'échelle nationale couvrant différents types de milieux est un enjeu majeur pour assurer la pérennité des processus écologiques qui se déroulent à large
échelle. Les bocages, milieux agricoles favorables à la biodiversité, sont concernés par ce défi. Dans le cadre du programme « Trame verte et bleue » et de la définition de ses orientations nationales, nous avons mené une réflexion afin de proposer une carte de grandes continuités
écologiques bocagÚres. La démarche repose sur un croisement cartographique manuel entre: une carte de la densité de haies, une carte de la diversité des assolements et une carte indicatrice d'une certaine qualité écologique. Cette derniÚre carte représente la richesse spécifique par maille
pour un ensemble de 11 espĂšces associĂ©es aux bocages et Ă©cologiquement exigeantes. Les ensembles prĂ©sentant visuellement un fort intĂ©rĂȘt selon ces trois critĂšres cartographiques ont Ă©tĂ© considĂ©rĂ©s comme des continuitĂ©s Ă la fois structurelles et
fonctionnelles. Le rĂ©sultat obtenu se prĂ©sente sous la forme dâune carte indiquant 9 grandes continuitĂ©s Ă
lâĂ©chelle nationale. Une confrontation Ă lâexpertise et Ă des Ă©tudes locales et rĂ©gionales a permis de valider
la pertinence de cette carte destinée à favoriser la cohérence nationale des trames écologiques régionales
Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis
BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London
Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study
Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world.
Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231.
Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05â2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001).
Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication
DĂ©termination du potentiel dâaccueil de la Loutre dâEurope (Lutra lutra) par secteur gĂ©ographique en France mĂ©tropolitaine
Determination of potential habitat suitability for the European Otter (Lutra lutra) in geographical sectors of metropolitan France.
After a long period of decline, the European Otter is now in the process of recolonizing the French territory. In order to facilitate its expansion, one of the objectives of the National Action Plan is to define and locate the habitat suitability for this mustelid in France. For each river subsector we gathered all available information about the factors (availability and quality of aquatic habitat, availability of food resources, human disturbances and general characteristics of the ecosystem) essential to the presence of the otter in order to create a Maxent model. According to this model, 30 % of the sub-sectors in metropolitan France are unlikely to offer favourable habitats for the Otter, 68 % should contain favourable habitats and 2 % could be considered as very favourable for the settling of European otters.AprĂšs une longue pĂ©riode de rĂ©gression (de 1930 Ă 1990), la Loutre dâEurope est aujourdâhui en phase de recolonisation en France. Afin de favoriser sa reconquĂȘte, un des objectifs du plan national dâaction en faveur de ce mustĂ©lidĂ© est de dĂ©terminer et localiser les habitats potentiellement favorables Ă cette espĂšce. Pour cela, pour chaque sous-secteur hydrographique, nous avons renseignĂ© des facteurs indispensables Ă la prĂ©sence de la Loutre : disponibilitĂ© et qualitĂ© du milieu aquatique et des zones humides, disponibilitĂ© de la ressource alimentaire, dĂ©rangement humain et caractĂ©ristiques gĂ©nĂ©rales de lâĂ©cosystĂšme (type dâoccupation du sol, relief) afin de pouvoir crĂ©er un modĂšle Maxent. DâaprĂšs ce modĂšle, 30 % des sous-secteurs de France mĂ©tropolitaine sont peu favorables Ă la Loutre, 68 % sont assez favorables Ă lâimplantation de cette espĂšce et 2 % peuvent ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s comme trĂšs favorables Ă lâinstallation de la Loutre dâEurope.SavourĂ©-Soubelet Audrey, WittĂ© Isabelle, Flamme Laura, Grech Guillaume, Haffner Patrick. DĂ©termination du potentiel dâaccueil de la Loutre dâEurope (Lutra lutra) par secteur gĂ©ographique en France mĂ©tropolitaine. In: Revue d'Ăcologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 70, n°4, 2015. pp. 293-313
Quel est le niveau dâintĂ©gration des sites dâintĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©ologique dans le rĂ©seau dâaires protĂ©gĂ©es ?
International audienceL'UMS PatriNat (MNHN, AFB, CNRS) dĂ©veloppe et administre, Ă la demande du ministĂšre en charge de l'Ăcologie, la base de donnĂ©es nationale Espaces protĂ©gĂ©s. Elle garantit sa cohĂ©rence au niveau national pour rĂ©pondre aux enjeux nationaux, communautaires et internationaux en matiĂšre de suivi et d'Ă©valuation des politiques de conservation de la natureL'objectif de cette premiĂšre Ă©tude est de dresser un Ă©tat de la prise en compte des sites dâintĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©ologique dans le rĂ©seau d'aires protĂ©gĂ©es en fonction des types dâoutils de protection et des rĂ©seaux de gestionnaires. Les rĂ©sultats se fondent sur le croisement de la base nationale Espaces protĂ©gĂ©s avec les couches des sites dâintĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©ologique de quatre rĂ©gions de France mĂ©tropolitaine produites dans le cadre de l'Inventaire National du Patrimoine GĂ©ologique (INPG)
Quel est le niveau d'intĂ©gration des sites d'intĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©ologique dans le rĂ©seau d'aires protĂ©gĂ©es ?
International audienceLa dĂ©signation des espaces naturels protĂ©gĂ©s est une composante majeure des stratĂ©gies de protection et de gestion du patrimoine naturel. Ă ce titre, il existe en France diffĂ©rents types dâespaces de gestion, protection ou mise en valeur de la nature dont la diversitĂ© reflĂšte la multiplicitĂ© des acteurs, des objectifs et des types de gestion.La constitution et l'actualisation rĂ©guliĂšre d'une base nationale des espaces protĂ©gĂ©s se rĂ©vĂšlent indispensables pour rĂ©pondre aux enjeux nationaux, communautaires et internationaux en matiĂšre de suivi et d'Ă©valuation des politiques de conservation de la nature.L'UMS PatriNat (MNHN, AFB, CNRS) met ainsi en Ćuvre (dĂ©veloppe et administre), Ă la demande du MinistĂšre en charge de l'Ă©cologie, la « base de donnĂ©es des espaces protĂ©gĂ©s » et rĂ©pond de sa cohĂ©rence au niveau national. Cette base de rĂ©fĂ©rence a pour vocation d'intĂ©grer l'ensemble des types d'espaces qui assurent une protection ou une gestion du patrimoine naturel (protection rĂ©glementaire, contractuelle, fonciĂšre, ou dĂ©signation au titre de conventions et engagements europĂ©ens ou internationaux) et pour lesquels les donnĂ©es sont mobilisables.L'objectif de cette premiĂšre Ă©tude est de dresser un Ă©tat de la prise en compte des sites dâintĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©ologique dans le rĂ©seau d'aires protĂ©gĂ©es en fonction des types dâoutils de protection et des rĂ©seaux de gestionnaires. Les rĂ©sultats se fondent sur le croisement de la base nationale Espaces protĂ©gĂ©s avec les couches des sites dâintĂ©rĂȘt gĂ©ologique de 5 rĂ©gions de France mĂ©tropolitaine produites dans le cadre de l'Inventaire national du Patrimoine gĂ©ologique (INPG)
Simple adaptations to speed-up the Particle-In-Cell code Smilei on the ARM-based Fujitsu A64FX processor
International audienc
A task programming implementation for the particle in Cell code SMILEI
International audienceAn implementation of the electromagnetic Particle in Cell loop in the code Smilei using task programming is presented. Through OpenMP, the macro-particles operations are formulated in terms of tasks. This formulation allows asynchronous execution respecting the data dependencies of the macro-particle operations, the most time-consuming part of the code in simulations of interest for plasma physics. Through some benchmarks it is shown that this formulation can help mitigating the load imbalance of these operations at the OpenMP thread level. The improvements in strong scaling for load-imbalanced physical cases are discussed
- âŠ