Imitatoren des Menschlichen: Eine Historie der stereotypen Reproduktion von assistierender Weiblichkeit in Design und Technologie

Seit Jahrhunderten träumt die Menschheit von Robotern und Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI). Endlich im KI-Zeitalter angekommen, finden wir aber bei KI-Anwendungen oft nur klischeebehaftete Imitationen des Menschlichen, die Geschlechterstereotype reproduzieren. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass stereotype Repräsentationen von Geschlecht bei intelligenten smarten Assistentinnen und Assistenten (IPAs) das Ergebnis eines Gendering-Prozesses sind, haben wir den historischen Diskurs anhand dreier Berufe analysiert, die in der allgemeinen Wahrnehmung als weiblich aufgefasst werden. Dadurch konnten wir einen Prozess der Feminisierung identifizieren, innerhalb dessen Berufe wie Typistin oder Telefonistin als weiblich konnotiert wurden. Gleichzeitig fand ein Prozess statt, in dem Elektrizität in die Haushalte einzog und eine bewusste Vermarktung von elektronischen Haushaltsgeräten, verbunden mit einer Idealisierung der „elektrischen Hausfrau“, stattfand. Dadurch wurden Vorstellungen von assistierender und domestizierter Arbeit mit Ideen zu Geschlecht verbunden. Diese Verbindung wurde durch Berufe wie Sekretärin, Personal Assistant oder in der Care-Arbeit reproduziert – und dadurch zum diskursiven Fundament, auf dem bei der Entwicklung weiblicher Personas von KI-Anwendungen wie Amazons Alexa oder Apples Siri aufgebaut wurde. Die Konsequenz ist, dass sich IPAs Stereotype und Klischees über weibliche Arbeit bedienen und Tech-Unternehmen davon profitieren.Mankind has dreamt about robots and Artificial Intelligence (AI) for centuries. Now that we have finally arrived in the age of AI, we find AI applications riddled with clichés, trying to imitate a human representation of female personas. Instead, their stereotype display of gender and work degrades female work. Starting with the assumption that gendering processes produce stereotype reproductions of gender-work relations within intelligent smart assistants (IPAs), we analyzed the historic discourse surrounding occupations deemed “female” in general perception. This enabled us to identify a process of feminization, within which occupations such as typist or telephonist were labeled as “female”. Parallel to this, electricity began conquering private households and companies began to market electric domestic appliances. Thus, the ideal of an “electric housewife” began developing. Both developments in the job market as well as in the household fused perceptions about assisting and domestic work with ideas about gender together. This fusion then was reproduced over and over by occupations as secretary, personal assistant or through emotional labour and became a discoursive fundament for the development of female personas for IPAs like Amazon’s Alexa or Apple’s Siri. One of the ramifications is the ongoing representation of gender stereotypes by IPAs, of which tech companies profit

Indigenous demosponge spicules in a Late Devonian stromatoporoid basal skeleton from the Frasnian of Belgium

This paper records the first example of a demosponge spicule framework in a single specimen of a Devonian stromatoporoid from the Frasnian of southern Belgium. The small sample (2.5 × 2 cm) is a component in a brecciated carbonate from a carbonate mound in La Boverie Quarry 30 km east of Dinant. Because of the small size of the sample, generic identification is not confirmed, but the stromatoporoid basal skeleton is similar to the genus Stromatopora. The spicules are arranged in the calcified skeleton, but not in the gallery space, and are recrystallized as multi-crystalline calcite. The spicules fall into two size ranges: 10-20 μm diameter and 500-2000 μm long for the large ones and between 5-15 μm diameter and 50-100 μm length for the small ones. In tangential section, the spicules are circular, they have a simple structure, and no axial canal has been preserved. The large spicules are always monaxons, straight or slightly curved styles or strongyles. The spicules most closely resemble halichondrid/axinellid demosponge spicules and are important rare evidence of the existence of spicules in Palaeozoic stromatoporoids, reinforcing the interpretation that stromatoporoids were sponges. The basal skeleton may have had an aragonitic spherulitic mineralogy. Furthermore, the spicules indicate that this stromatoporoid sample is a demosponge. © 2014 Lethaia Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

In search of phylogenetic congruence between molecular and morphological data in bryozoans with extreme adult skeletal heteromorphy

peerreview_statement: The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope. aims_and_scope_url: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tsab20© Crown Copyright 2015. This document is the author's final accepted/submitted version of the journal article. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it

Anaesthesia-related complications and side-effects in TAVI: a retrospective study in Germany

Objectives This study was performed to analyse anaesthesia-related complications and side effects in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) under general anaesthesia. Design Retrospective study. Setting The study was performed as a single-centre study in a hospital of tertiary care in Germany. Participants All 853 patients, who underwent TAVI at the Universitatsklinikum Regensburg between January 2009 and July 2015, were included. 52.5% were female patients. Primary and secondary outcome measures We gathered information, such as recent illness, vital parameters and medication administered during the intervention and postoperatively for 12 hours. We analysed all anaesthesia-related complications and anaesthesia-related side effects that occurred during the intervention and entire hospital stay. Results We analysed all 853 TAVI procedures. The mean patient age was 79 +/- 6 years. In 99.5% of cases, we used volatile-based anaesthesia. 2.8% (n=24; transfemoral (TF): n=19 [3.8%]; transapical (TA): n=5 [1.4%]) of all cases suffered from anaesthesia-related complications. 819 (TF: n=447; TA: n=372) anaesthesia-related side effects occurred in 586 (68.7%, TF: n=325 [64.2%], TA: n=261 [75.2%]) patients. Neither the complications nor the side effects had any serious consequences. Intraoperative hypothermia in 44% of cases (TF: n=202 [39.9%]; TA: n=173 [49.9%]) and postoperative nausea and vomiting in 27% (n=232; TF: n=131 [25.9%], TA: n=101 [29.1%]) of cases were the most common anaesthesia-related side effects. Conclusion In this study, serious anaesthesia-related complications were rarely seen, and non-critical anaesthesia-related side effects could have been avoided through consistent prophylaxis and management. Therefore, despite their high anaesthetic risk, general anaesthesia is justifiable in patients who underwent TAVI

The family Carditidae (Bivalvia) in the early Danian of Patagonia (Argentina)

The first systematic analysis of the Danian carditids of Patagonia is presented, which includes four genera—one new genus and the first records of three other genera in South America. They consist of Claibornicardia paleopatagonica (Ihering, 1903), a widely distributed species occuring in the Jagüel, Roca and Salamanca formations (Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut Provinces); Rotundicardia Heaslip, 1968, represented by the new species R. mariobrosorum n. sp., which is restricted to the Roca Formation (Río Negro Province); Cardites feruglioi (Petersen, 1846) (Roca and Lefipán formations, Río Negro and Chubut Provinces); and by Kalelia new genus, which includes K. burmeisteri (Böhm, 1903) from the Salamanca and Roca formations (Río Negro and Chubut Provinces), which is related to the Paris Basin species K. multicostata (Lamarck, 1806) n. comb. and K. pectuncularis (Lamarck, 1806) n. comb. ‘Venericardia’ iheringi (Böhm, 1903), a species known only from internal molds, is described and regarded as a carditid with uncertain affinities. The presence of Claibornicardia, Rotundicardia, and Cardites in Patagonia constitutes the most ancient record of these genera and confirms biogeographical connections previously established between the Danian Argentinian and North American/European fossil faunas.Fil: Perez, Damián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; ArgentinaFil: del Río, Claudia Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentin

Resistive Exercise for Arthritic Cartilage Health (REACH): A randomized double-blind, sham-exercise controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This article provides the rationale and methodology, of the first randomised controlled trial to our knowledge designed to assess the efficacy of progressive resistance training on cartilage morphology in women with knee osteoarthritis.</p> <p>Development and progression of osteoarthritis is multifactorial, with obesity, quadriceps weakness, joint malalignment, and abnormal mechanical joint forces particularly relevant to this study. Progressive resistance training has been reported to improve pain and disability in osteoarthritic cohorts. However, the disease-modifying potential of progressive resistance training for the articular cartilage degeneration characteristic of osteoarthritis is unknown. Our aim was to investigate the effect of high intensity progressive resistance training on articular cartilage degeneration in women with knee osteoarthritis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Our cohort consisted of women over 40 years of age with primary knee osteoarthritis, according to the American College of Rheumatology clinical criteria. Primary outcome was blinded measurement of cartilage morphology via magnetic resonance imaging scan of the tibiofemoral joint. Secondary outcomes included walking endurance, balance, muscle strength, endurance, power, and velocity, body composition, pain, disability, depressive symptoms, and quality of life.</p> <p>Participants were randomized into a supervised progressive resistance training or sham-exercise group. The progressive resistance training group trained muscles around the hip and knee at 80% of their peak strength and progressed 3% per session, 3 days per week for 6 months. The sham-exercise group completed all exercises except hip adduction, but without added resistance or progression. Outcomes were repeated at 3 and 6 months, except for the magnetic resonance imaging scan, which was only repeated at 6 months.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Our results will provide an evaluation of the disease-modifying potential of progressive resistance training for osteoarthritis.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ANZCTR Reference No. 12605000116628</p

La multiplication de matériel de plantation de qualité pour améliorer l'état sanitaire et la productivité des cultures : pratiques clefs pour les bananiers et les bananiers plantain. Guide illustré

Available in English, French, Spanish and Arabic, on line and on CD-ROM, this illustrated guide summarizes the key practices for producing clean planting material of banana with a high yield potential for smallholders, depending on the pests and diseases which are present. The guide is also designed to contribute to better planning of the propagation of planting material for rural development and disaster relief projects. (Résumé d'auteur

Understanding morphological variation in the extant koala as a framework for identification of species boundaries in extinct koalas (Phascolarctidae; Marsupialia)

We document morphological variation (both geographical and sexual) in the dentition of the extant koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in order to facilitate discrimination of species boundaries in extinct phascolarctids. Considerable variation is evident in dental structures previously used to diagnose several phascolarctid fossil species. Consistent patterns of morphological variation are not evident between sexes or geographic regions, with variation as great between samples as within them. Metric variation is evident between the sexes in upper molar dimensions with Victorian (southern) males significantly larger than Victorian females, although this is not reflected in lower molar dimensions or in the Queensland (northern) sample. Male koalas from southern populations generally display significantly larger molars than their northern counterparts; however this trend is not evident in female upper molar dimensions. In both males and females, some, but not all, lower molar dimensions are larger in southern populations than northern. In light of these results, a systematic revision of species of Litokoala suggests L. dicktedfordi' is a junior synonym of L. kutjamarpensis, and the poorly known L. thurmerae is regarded to be a nomen dubium. Further, we describe a partial cranium of a new species of koala from Early Miocene sediments in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northern Australia. Litokoala dicksmithi sp. nov. is the fifth koala species recorded from the diverse rainforest assemblages of Riversleigh and the third species referred to the Oligo-Miocene genus Litokoala. Aspects of cranial morphology, including a shortened robust rostrum and broad, irregular nasal aperture, confirm placement of Litokoala as sister taxon to the modern genus Phascolarctos. Relatively large orbits and small body size suggest the possibility that L. dicksmithi was nocturnal, had enhanced visual acuity, and was a more agile arboreal species than the relatively sedentary extant koala

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]