Avignon, porte pour l'Orient (première moitié du XIVe siècle)

Avignon, a " door " to Orient (first half of the 14th Century) In the process of progressive affirmation of the universality of the Pope's spiritual power, the Papacy era in Avignon acquired an important position, particularly during the first half of the 14th century. Such a fact was namely marked by the establishment of an active organization oriented to Oriental missions. Within the framework of this missionary activity, and along with diverse Crusade projects, the Orient was the center of several discussions that occurred in the Papal court or in his areas of influence. Within a few decades, the presence of a considerable number of missionaries, departing from or arriving in the city, of Orientals, ambassadors, lay or religious, staying for a while,is detected. Texts and documents left behind by these missionaries, correlated with their activity, can be testimonials of their essentially oral exchange of information. Eventually, the multiplicity and the diffusion of these texts reflect an obvious interest in the Orient-related questions, revolving around the Papal court.Dans le processus d'affirmation progressive de l'universalité du pouvoir spirituel du pape, la période de la papauté d'Avignon, et en particulier la première moitié du XIVe siècle, tient une place importante. Cela se marque notamment par la mise en place d'une organisation active des missions orientales. En raison de cette activité missionnaire, ainsi que de plusieurs projets de croisade, l'Orient est au cœur d'une grande partie des discussions qui ont lieu à la cour pontificale ou dans son entourage. En l'espace de quelques dizaines d'années, on remarque la présence nombreuse à Avignon de missionnaires en partance ou de retour, mais aussi d'Orientaux, ambassadeurs, laïcs ou religieux, qui séjournent un temps dans la cité et qui marquent les esprits. Les textes laissés par les missionnaires ou les documents qui sont relatifs à leur action témoignent souvent d'échanges d'informations, sans doute en grande partie oraux. La multiplication et la diffusion des textes montrent enfin un intérêt certain pour les questions orientales autour de la cour pontificale

Le rôle de Venise dans la diffusion du livre de Marco Polo (xive-début xvie siècle)

Quel rôle Venise a-t-elle joué dans la diffusion du récit de son citoyen ? Les témoignages de la tradition textuelle, s’ils montrent qu’un nombre important de versions et de traductions du texte, en vénitien ou en latin, a été élaboré à Venise ou en Vénétie, font cependant rejeter l’idée d’une politique éditoriale mise en place par les autorités de la cité. Il est néanmoins possible que certains soient venus chercher à Venise l’œuvre d’un auteur qu’ils savaient vénitien et dont ils pensaient qu’il avait écrit dans sa langue maternelle, comme le fit Rodrigo de Santaella au début du xvie siècle. La réception du texte à Venise même connaît deux moments importants : chez les Dominicains au milieu du xive siècle, et dans le cadre de projets géographiques (comme la mappemonde de Fra Mauro) au xve siècle.Which part did Venice play in the diffusion of its citizen’s narrative? The textual tradition shows that many versions and translations, to venetian or to latin, were made in Venice or in the Venetian area, but we must reject the idea of an editorial policy constructed by the city. Nevertheless, it is possible that some went to Venice in order to look for a book whose author they knew was Venitian and, they thought, has written in his mother tongue, as did Rodrigo de Santaella at the beginning of the sixteenth century. The reception of this text in Venice itself can be traced at two moments: inside the Dominican order in the middle of the fourteenth century, and in geographical projects (like Fra Mauro’s mappamundi) in the fifteenthcentury

Marzia Pontone (éd.), I manoscritti datati dell’Archivio Storico Civico e Biblioteca Trivulziana di Milano

Ce 22e volume de la collection Manoscritti datati d’Italia contient la description de 81 manuscrits datés, conservés à l’Archivio Storico et à la Bibliothèque Trivulzienne, situées dans le Castello Sforzesco à Milan. L’essentiel de ces manuscrits provient des collections de la famille des Trivulzio, à l’origine de la fondation de la bibliothèque éponyme. Cette collection a été rassemblée à partir du xviiie siècle, acquise par la commune de Milan, en 1935, et mise alors à la disposition du pub..

La diffusion et la circulation manuscrite d'un texte médiéval: l'exemple du Devisement du monde de Marco Polo

International audienceLes auteurs médiévaux mis en valeur à l'heure actuelle ne sont pas forcément ceux qui ont connu un grand succès au Moyen-Âge. Pour appréhender l'ampleur de ce succès, il convient de mettre en œuvre plusieurs pistes de recherche, illustrées ici à partir de l'exemple du Devisement du monde de Marco Polo. La première consiste à étudier la tradition textuelle et en particulier les différentes traductions qui ont pu être faites de l'œuvre considérée. L'étude de la tradition manuscrite de chacune de ces versions aide à situer et à dater leur élaboration. Une analyse des manuscrits subsistants - de leur datation, de leur origine, de leur contexte de production, de leur circulation - apporte d'importants éléments sur la diffusion du texte et son (/ses) public(s). La prise en compte des inventaires et des catalogues de bibliothèques anciennes complète utilement les données fournies par les manuscrits pour dresser un tableau aussi fiable que possible de la diffusion d'un texte médiéval

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass