Utrikesresandets förändring.: En studie av svenskars internationella rörlighet 1994-2000.

Internationella persontransporter har under det gångna decenniet vuxit dramatiskt i frekvens och geografisk utsträckning. Mest uppseendeväckande är flygets ökningstakt. För Sveriges del ökade antalet resenärer med flyg till och från utlandet med över 50 % bara under andra halvan av 90-talet. En viktig aspekt av den snabba tillväxten i rörlighet, resande och mobilitet, är de ökade miljöproblem som utvecklingen medför. Flygtransporters energiintensitet och de delvis okända konsekvenserna av utsläpp på hög höjd, är särskilt problematiska i dessa sammanhang (Frändberg 1998; Åkerman et al 2000; EEA 2001). Den snabbt växande internationella rörligheten innebär också problem med trängsel i ett fysiskt begränsat luftrum liksom hot om överexploatering av känsliga fjärran platser. En annan betydelsefull fråga gäller de allt större skillnaderna i rörlighet inom och mellan länder och världsdelar, som nuvarande trender tycks innebära. Flera inflytelserika samhällsteoretiker pekar på hur ”tillgången till global rörlighet” framträder som en allt viktigare stratifieringsfaktor i samhället (Castells 1999; Bauman 2000). Mot bakgrund bland annat av dessa frågor, är det angeläget att närmare beskriva den internationella rörlighetens omfattning, struktur och utvecklingstendenser. Föreliggande artikel presenterar resultat från en studie av den svenska befolkningens långväga, särskilt internationella, rörlighet, under perioden 1994-2000 (Frändberg och Vilhelmson 2002). Syftet med studien är att empiriskt belysa ett antal frågor med direkt relevans för kunskapen om rörlighetens internationalisering/globalisering, och drivkrafterna bakom denna trend. Studien behandlar dels den långväga/internationella rörlighetens förändring över tid och dels den internationella rörlighetens fördelning i befolkningen vid ett givet tidssnitt. Frågan om förändring över tid gäller i första hand det internationella resandets omfattning och geografiska utsträckning, men också de aktiviteter eller ärenden som motiverar långväga och särskilt då internationella, resor. Särskild uppmärksamhet ägnas också utvecklingen av det speciellt betydelsefulla flygresandet. Frågan om rörlighetens fördelning i befolkningen, handlar i första hand om i vilken mån den internationella rörligheten är koncentrerad till en liten grupp människor (”postmoderna nomader”), eller om den snarare är jämnt spridd i befolkningen. Denna del berör således frågor om rörlighetens sociala bas och drivkrafter, samt om den eventuella uppkomsten av nya olikheter i samhället (”a mobility divide”)

De nationella proven i NO åk 6. Skillnader i resultat mellan olika grupper

In the spring of 2013 national tests in biology, physics and chemistry in grade 6 were implemented for the first time in Sweden. Data collected in connection to the tests are used to analyse student performance at different levels. This paper reports on differences in performance in biology, physics and chemistry between teaching groups, as well as differences in results related to gender and Swedish / Swedish as a second language. Comparisons are also made with results from TIMSS 2011, which tested the same group of students. Analyses were carried out with the aim to discuss equity in science education in Swedish schools. Overall, the results indicate that differences in student performance related to teaching group have increased since 2011 and that differences depending on the linguistic background are considerable. Additionally, girls perform better than boys in all science subjects. All these differences are large enough to be paid attention to on political levels and by principals and teachers. Both overall structural changes and changes in teaching and learning activities in schools are needed to increase equity in science education

Unidirectional Influx and Net Accumulation of PIB

The compound {N-methyl-[11C]}2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole, “PIB”, measured by positron emission tomography, has been demonstrated to image brain β-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the present study the benefit of measuring the PIB accumulation rate together with the unidirectional influx of PIB into the brain was investigated in healthy control subjects and patients with AD. In a monkey changes in the influx rate constant K1 of PIB closely followed changes in CBF, caused by alteration of PaCO2. In addition, K1 was high both in the monkey and in humans, suggesting that this parameter reflects CBF. Most AD patients studied showed clearly higher accumulation rate for PIB than the controls in cortical brain areas, while a few patients showed as low accumulation as the controls. K1 did not correlate with the accumulation rate, indicating that K1 for PIB provides extra information besides the accumulation rate

Business travel and mobile workers

International audienceTransportation activity generated by businesses has been analyzed mainly with reference to freight flows and commuting trips. The area of employee business trips has been largely ignored, even though the literature – particularly that dealing with industrial economics – has endeavored to show both the central role played by face-to-face encounters in economic contact, and the decreased need for proximity as a prerequisite to such contact taking place in the first place. This paper takes this literature, both theoretical and empirical, as its base, and then aims to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the need for business travel and the profiles of mobile workers. It also investigates how the workers involved perceive, and how companies account for such mobility

Time, tourism consumption and sustainable development

The availability of time has played a pivotal role in the analysis of tourism. An examination of social theory and time suggests that tourists experience time in multiple ways, which has implications for the traditional temporal and spatial reference frame. This article calls for a better understanding of 'time' in tourism and sets the agenda for further research into time and the sustainable development of tourism. It analyses the role of time in shaping tourism consumption and illustrates the challenges posed by new temporal understandings and distance concepts to create less greenhouse-gas-dependent tourism in our society. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

The gender turnaround:Young women now travelling more than young men

AbstractDaily travel mobility is on a downward trend in several developed economies, including the UK. This paper examines how mobility trends are differentiated by gender and birth cohort. Over the last decade, young adult women in Britain have come to have greater weekly mobility than their male counterparts. Until recently, women have consistently had lower mobility than men - suggesting that this finding could be a significant break with the past. This gender turnaround is driven mainly by young men travelling substantially less today than previous generations of young men. We find that younger cohorts of women travel are travelling further as they age, whilst younger cohorts of men are no longer becoming more mobile as they approach early mid-life, traditionally a life course peak in travel mobility. Possible reasons for the greater mobility of young women than young men are discussed and areas for future research identified

Missense and nonsense mutations in melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene of different goat breeds: association with red and black coat colour phenotypes but with unexpected evidences

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Agouti </it>and <it>Extension </it>loci control the relative amount of eumelanin and pheomelanin production in melanocytes that, in turn, affects pigmentation of skin and hair. The <it>Extension </it>locus encodes the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) whose permanent activation, caused by functional mutations, results in black coat colour, whereas other inactivating mutations cause red coat colour in different mammals.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The whole coding region of the <it>MC1R </it>gene was sequenced in goats of six different breeds showing different coat colours (Girgentana, white cream with usually small red spots in the face; Maltese, white with black cheeks and ears; Derivata di Siria, solid red; Murciano-Granadina, solid black or solid brown; Camosciata delle Alpi, brown with black stripes; Saanen, white; F₁goats and the parental animals). Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: one nonsense mutation (p.Q225X), three missense mutations (p.A81V, p.F250V, and p.C267W), and one silent mutation. The stop codon at position 225 should cause the production of a shorter MC1R protein whose functionality may be altered. These SNPs were investigated in a larger sample of animals belonging to the six breeds. The Girgentana breed was almost fixed for the p.225X allele. However, there was not complete association between the presence of red spots in the face and the presence of this allele in homozygous condition. The same allele was identified in the Derivata di Siria breed. However, its frequency was only 33%, despite the fact that these animals are completely red. The p.267W allele was present in all Murciano-Granadina black goats, whereas it was never identified in the brown ones. Moreover, the same substitution was present in almost all Maltese goats providing evidence of association between this mutation and black coat colour.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>According to the results obtained in the investigated goat breeds, <it>MC1R </it>mutations may determine eumelanic and pheomelanic phenotypes. However, they are probably not the only factors. In particular, the surprising not complete association of the nonsense mutation (p.Q225X) with red coat colour raises a few hypotheses on the determination of pheomelanic phenotypes in goats that should be further investigated.</p

Progress in Tourism Management: from the geography of tourism to geographies of tourism - A review

This Progress in Tourism Management paper seeks to review the development of geographical contributions to the study of tourism over the last decade. Given the limited number of surveys of geography published in academic journals since the 1970s, it is particularly timely to question and debate where the subject has evolved to, the current debates and issues facing those who work within the subject and where the subject will evolve in the next five years. The paper is structured around a number of distinct themes to emerge from the research activity of geographers, which is deliberately selective in its coverage due to the constraints of space, but focuses on: explaining spatialities; tourism planning and places; development and its discontents; tourism as an 'applied' area of research, and future prospects