Produção de sedimento em suspensão na bacia hidrográfica do Alto Guaporé, município de Pontes e Lacerda – MTSuspended sediment yield at upper Guaporé River basin, Central-West Brazil

Os processos de desagregação, transporte e deposição de sedimentos são responsáveis por uma série de impactos ao ambiente. Apesar de acontecer de forma natural, esses processos também estão relacionados diretamente à presença humana. Este trabalho avaliou a produção de sedimentos em suspensão (PSS) na bacia hidrográfica do Alto Guaporé, delimitada a partir da estação fluviométrica de Pontes e Lacerda. Os dados de chuva, vazão e Concentração de Sedimentos em Suspensão (CSS) foram obtidos a partir do portal Hidroweb, da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), todas as séries possuem mais de 30 anos de registro. A partir das amostras de CSS foi gerada a curva-chave de sedimento para determinar os valores de CSS para toda a série. A curva-chave de sedimentos gerada foi do tipo polinomial de segunda ordem, com R²=0,34. Os meses de fevereiro, março e abril respondem por mais de 55% da PSS da bacia, o mês de março apenas, responde por 23% da PSS anual. A análise estatística da série de PSS indicou que os valores de produção anual de sedimentos foram aleatórios em torno da média e não apresentaram tendência no decorrer do período.Abstract The processes of disaggregation, transport and deposition of the sediments are accountable for several environmental impacts. Though also happen in the natural environments, these processes are directly related to human presence. This study analyzed the Suspended Sediment Yield (PSS) at upper Guaporé River basin, delimited from Pontes e Lacerda gauging station. The rain, discharge and Suspended Sediment Concentration (CSS) data were collected from the National Water Agency of Brazil (ANA) website, all series has over 30 years of record. From the CSS samples, were generated the sediment rating curve to define the values of all CSS series. The sediment rating curve generated was a second order polynomial kind, with R²=0,34. February, march and april months account for over 55% of PSS basin, while only march has 23% of the PSS annual. The statistical analysis of PSS data showed that the values of annual sediment yield were randomized around the mean and showing no kind of trend during the evaluated period

Estudo de chuvas intensas para a cidade de Goiânia/GO por meio da modelação de eventos máximos anuais pela aplicação das distribuições de Gumbel e Generalizada de ValoresExtremos Intense rainfall study of Goiânia/GO by modeling maximum annual events using Gumbel and Generalized Extreme Value distributions

O conhecimento das precipitações máximas em uma bacia hidrográfica pode viabilizar diversos projetos relacionados aos recursos hídricos, uma vez que pode servir como base para o dimensionamento de obras hidráulicas, tais como vertedores de barragens, canais, bueiros, bacias de detenção, dentre outras. No presente trabalho, a estimação das precipitações máximas foi realizada através da metodologia de análise de frequência local. Foram aplicadas as distribuições de probabilidades de Gumbel e Generalizada de Valores Extremos (GEV), com seus parâmetros obtidos pelo método dos momentos (MOM) e pelo método dos momentos-L (MML), proporcionando a estimativa das precipitações e intensidades de precipitação máxima para a cidade de Goiânia/GO. Na sequência, foram elaboradas as curvas PDF (precipitação-duração-frequência) e IDF (intensidade-duração-frequência) locais. Observou-se, pela ordem, um desvio de 18,6%, 17% e 18,5%, do quantil de precipitação máxima calculado para o tempo de retorno de 1000 anos pela distribuição GEV com parâmetros estimados pelo método MML, em relação àqueles obtidos pela utilização do método MOM, e da distribuição de Gumbel com parâmetros estimados pelos métodos MOM e MML.Abstract Knowledge of the maximum rainfall in a watershed can enable various projects related to water resources, since it can serve as the basis for the design of hydraulic structures such as spillways, channels, culverts, detention basins, and others. In this study, the estimation of maximum precipitation was carried out by the local frequency analysis methodology. It was applied Gumbel and Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distributions, with parameters obtained by moments (MOM) and L-moments (MML) methods, providing the estimation of rainfall and maximum rainfall intensities for the city of Goiânia/GO. In sequence, the PDF (rainfallduration-frequency) and IDF (intensity-duration-frequency) curves were designed. The results indicated, in order, a deviation of 18.6%, 17% and 18.5%, the maximum precipitation quantile calculated for the return period of 1.000 years by the GEV distribution with parameters estimated by the MML method, to those obtained by using the MOM method and the Gumbel distribution with parameters estimated by MOM and MML methods

SIMULAÇÃO DAS COTAS DE EXTRAVASAMENTO PELO USO DA MODELAGEM HIDROLÓGICA E HIDRÁULICA EM UM TRECHO DO RIO MEIA PONTE – GO

A avaliação do risco de inundação através da simulação hidráulica, por meio de vazões de projeto, permite identificar a necessidade de atividades de monitoramento, bem como otimizar os sistemas de alertas de inundações. Diante desse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo, analisar a possibilidade de extravasamento do rio Meia Ponte, localizado na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás, buscando contribuir para uma melhor ordenação do espaço urbano. Para isso, foram utilizados o modelo hidráulico HEC-RAS e dados da estação fluviométrica Montante de Goiânia, simulando tempos de retorno de 100, 500 e 1000 anos. As vazões para tempos de retorno de 100 anos (182,9 m³/s), 500 anos (219,8 m³/s) e 1000 anos (235,6 m³/s) implicam na elevação da linha de água para 3,53 metros, 3,78 metros e 4,38 metros na seção de régua (S1) e para 4,38 metros, 4,67 metros e 4,78 metros na seção normal (S2) da estação fluviométrica supracitada. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as vazões simuladas não irão atingir cotas acima de 6,0 metros das réguas linimétricas nas seções da estação fluviométrica considerada, as quais controlam as vazões nesse trecho do rio Meia Ponte.Palavras-chave: Inundação, tempo de retorno, vazões de projeto

Diretriz sobre Diagnóstico e Tratamento da Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica – 2024

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a form of genetically caused heart muscle disease, characterized by the thickening of the ventricular walls. Diagnosis requires detection through imaging methods (Echocardiogram or Cardiac Magnetic Resonance) showing any segment of the left ventricular wall with a thickness > 15 mm, without any other probable cause. Genetic analysis allows the identification of mutations in genes encoding different structures of the sarcomere responsible for the development of HCM in about 60% of cases, enabling screening of family members and genetic counseling, as an important part of patient and family management. Several concepts about HCM have recently been reviewed, including its prevalence of 1 in 250 individuals, hence not a rare but rather underdiagnosed disease. The vast majority of patients are asymptomatic. In symptomatic cases, obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) is the primary disorder responsible for symptoms, and its presence should be investigated in all cases. In those where resting echocardiogram or Valsalva maneuver does not detect significant intraventricular gradient (> 30 mmHg), they should undergo stress echocardiography to detect LVOT obstruction. Patients with limiting symptoms and severe LVOT obstruction, refractory to beta-blockers and verapamil, should receive septal reduction therapies or use new drugs inhibiting cardiac myosin. Finally, appropriately identified patients at increased risk of sudden death may receive prophylactic measure with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation.La miocardiopatía hipertrófica (MCH) es una forma de enfermedad cardíaca de origen genético, caracterizada por el engrosamiento de las paredes ventriculares. El diagnóstico requiere la detección mediante métodos de imagen (Ecocardiograma o Resonancia Magnética Cardíaca) que muestren algún segmento de la pared ventricular izquierda con un grosor > 15 mm, sin otra causa probable. El análisis genético permite identificar mutaciones en genes que codifican diferentes estructuras del sarcómero responsables del desarrollo de la MCH en aproximadamente el 60% de los casos, lo que permite el tamizaje de familiares y el asesoramiento genético, como parte importante del manejo de pacientes y familiares. Varios conceptos sobre la MCH han sido revisados recientemente, incluida su prevalencia de 1 entre 250 individuos, por lo tanto, no es una enfermedad rara, sino subdiagnosticada. La gran mayoría de los pacientes son asintomáticos. En los casos sintomáticos, la obstrucción del tracto de salida ventricular izquierdo (TSVI) es el trastorno principal responsable de los síntomas, y su presencia debe investigarse en todos los casos. En aquellos en los que el ecocardiograma en reposo o la maniobra de Valsalva no detecta un gradiente intraventricular significativo (> 30 mmHg), deben someterse a ecocardiografía de esfuerzo para detectar la obstrucción del TSVI. Los pacientes con síntomas limitantes y obstrucción grave del TSVI, refractarios al uso de betabloqueantes y verapamilo, deben recibir terapias de reducción septal o usar nuevos medicamentos inhibidores de la miosina cardíaca. Finalmente, los pacientes adecuadamente identificados con un riesgo aumentado de muerte súbita pueden recibir medidas profilácticas con el implante de un cardioversor-desfibrilador implantable (CDI).A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é uma forma de doença do músculo cardíaco de causa genética, caracterizada pela hipertrofia das paredes ventriculares. O diagnóstico requer detecção por métodos de imagem (Ecocardiograma ou Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca) de qualquer segmento da parede do ventrículo esquerdo com espessura > 15 mm, sem outra causa provável. A análise genética permite identificar mutações de genes codificantes de diferentes estruturas do sarcômero responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento da CMH em cerca de 60% dos casos, permitindo o rastreio de familiares e aconselhamento genético, como parte importante do manejo dos pacientes e familiares. Vários conceitos sobre a CMH foram recentemente revistos, incluindo sua prevalência de 1 em 250 indivíduos, não sendo, portanto, uma doença rara, mas subdiagnosticada. A vasta maioria dos pacientes é assintomática. Naqueles sintomáticos, a obstrução do trato de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (OTSVE) é o principal distúrbio responsável pelos sintomas, devendo-se investigar a sua presença em todos os casos. Naqueles em que o ecocardiograma em repouso ou com Manobra de Valsalva não detecta gradiente intraventricular significativo (> 30 mmHg), devem ser submetidos à ecocardiografia com esforço físico para detecção da OTSVE.   Pacientes com sintomas limitantes e grave OTSVE, refratários ao uso de betabloqueadores e verapamil, devem receber terapias de redução septal ou uso de novas drogas inibidoras da miosina cardíaca. Por fim, os pacientes adequadamente identificados com risco aumentado de morta súbita podem receber medida profilática com implante de cardiodesfibrilador implantável (CDI)

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors