A tecnologia e o processo de gestão do design

O presente trabalho trata do conceito de tecnologia, configurando sua abrangência para relacioná-la à área de Gestão de Design, descrevendo como ocorre a relação entre tecnologia e gestão no campo de estudos e atividades em Design. Nele, também estão indicadas as possibilidades gerais da tecnologia na gestão dos processos e dos produtos de Design. Como método, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura na temática em estudo e, com base nos conceitos estudados e em outros argumentos teóricos, desenvolveu-se esta reflexão sobre as possibilidades de interação e cooperação entre tecnologia, gestão e design

Does The Pain Disturb The Respiratory Function After Heart Surgeries? [a Dor Interfere Na Função Respiratória Após Cirurgias Cardíacas?]

Objective: The postoperative pain after heart surgeries had been often reported. Meager reports about respiratory function and pain correlation had been reported. The aim of this study is to assess the pain intensity and location during hospital stay and its effect on respiratory function in patients undergone elective heart surgery. Methods: Respiratory function (lung volumes, respiratory muscle strength and peak expiratory flow) was assessed at the preoperative and postoperative times (1, 3 and 5 days) by ventilometer, manovacuometer and peak flow meter measurements. The assessment of pain intensity was performed with a visual analogue scale for pain. Results: The majority of pain site was on sternotomy incision (50% of patients) and the intensity was higher at the first postoperative day (8.32 by visual scale measurement). All respiratory variables remained lower than to preoperative period at fifth postoperative time (P >0.05), with exception for respiratory rate. The pain and maximal inspiratory pressure showed a negative correlation at the first postoperative day (P = 0.019). Conclusion: Postoperative pain decreased respiratory function in patients precluding deep inspirations, in special, at the first postoperative day.244490496Arcêncio, L., Souza, M.D., Bortolin, B.S., Fernandes, A.C.M., Rodrigues, A.J., Évora, P.R.B., Cuidados pré e pós-operatórios em cirurgia cardiotorácica: Uma abordagem fisioterapêutica (2008) Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc, 23 (3), pp. 400-410Schuller, D., Morrow, L.E., Pulmonary complications after coronary revascularization (2000) Curr Opin Cardiol, 15 (5), pp. 309-315Mueller, X.M., Tinguely, F., Tevaearai, H.T., Ravussin, P., Stumpe, F., von Segesser, L.K., Impact of duration of chest tube drainage on pain after cardiac surgery (2000) Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 18 (5), pp. 570-574Brasil, L.A., Gomes, W.J., Salomão, R., Buffolo, E., Inflammatory response after myocardial revascularization with or without cardiopulmonary bypass (1998) Ann Thorac Surg, 66 (1), pp. 56-59Mueller, X.M., Tinguely, F., Tevaearai, H.T., Revelly, J.P., Chioléro, R., von Segesser, L.K., Pain location, distribution, and intensity after cardiac surgery (2000) Chest, 118 (2), pp. 391-396Goldwasser, R., Farias, A., Freitas, E.E., Saddy, F., Amado, V., Okamoto, V.I.I.I., Consenso Brasileiro de Ventilação Mecânica: Desmame e interrupção da ventilação mecânica. Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (2007) J Bras Pneumol, 33 (SUPPL. 2), pp. S128-S136Yang, K.L., Tobin, M.J., A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation (1991) N Engl J Med, 324 (21), pp. 1445-1450Miller, M.R., Dickinson, S.A., Hitchings, D.J., The accuracy of portable peak flow meters (1992) Thorax, 47 (11), pp. 904-909Black, L.F., Hyatt, R.E., Maximal respiratory pressures: Normal values and relationship to age and sex (1969) Am Rev Respir Dis, 99 (5), pp. 696-702Gift, A.G., Visual analogue scales: Measurement of subjective phenomena (1989) Nurs Res, 38 (5), pp. 286-288Borges, J.B.C., Ferreira, D.L.M.P., Carvalho, S.M.R., Martins, A.S., Andrade, R.R., Silva, M.A.M., Avaliação da intensidade de dor e da funcionalidade no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca (2006) Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc, 21 (4), pp. 393-402Leguisamo, C.P., Freitas, M.F., Maciel, N.F., Donato, P., Avaliação da dor e da função pulmonar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (2007) Fisioter Bras, 8 (1), pp. 14-18Markou, A.L., van der Windt, A., van Swieten, H.A., Noyez, L., Changes in quality of life, physical activity, and symptomatic status one year after myocardial revascularization for stable angina (2008) Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 34 (5), pp. 1009-1015Greszta, E., Sieminska, M.J., Relationship of preoperative anxiety- state and anxiety-trait in patients qualified for coronary artery bypass graft surgery to the perception of postoperative pain and other pain complaints (2008) Ann Acad Med Stetin, 54 (1), pp. 157-163Giacomkazzi, C.M., Lagni, V.B., Monteiro, M.B., A dor pós- operatória como contribuinte do prejuízo na função pulmonar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca (2006) Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc, 21 (4), pp. 386-392Wynne, R., Botti, M., Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction in adults after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: Clinical significance and implications for practice (2004) Am J Crit Care, 13 (5), pp. 384-393Cipriano Jr, G., Camargo Carvalho, A.C., Bernardelli, G.F., Tayar Peres, P.A., Short-term transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after cardiac surgery: Effect on pain, pulmonary function and electrical muscle activity (2008) Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 7 (4), pp. 539-543Guizilini, S., Gomes, W.J., Faresin, S.M., Carvalho, A.C.C., Jaramillo, J.I., Alves, F.A., Efeitos do local de inserção do dreno pleural na função pulmonar no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (2004) Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc, 19 (1), pp. 47-54Ng, C.S., Wan, S., Yim, A.P., Arifi, A.A., Pulmonary dysfunction after cardiac surgery (2002) Chest, 121 (4), pp. 1269-1277Barbosa, R.A.G., Carmona, M.J.C., Avaliação da função pulmonar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea (2002) Rev Bras Anestesiol, 52 (6), pp. 689-699Silva, N.L.S., Piotto, R.F., Barboza, M.A.I., Croti, U.A., Braile, D.M., Inalação de solução salina hipertônica como coadjuvante da fisioterapia respiratória para reversão de atelectasia no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica (2006) Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc, 21 (4), pp. 468-471Magnusson, L., Zemgulis, V., Wicky, S., Tydén, H., Thelin, S., Hedenstierna, G., Atelectasis is a major cause of hypoxemia and shunt after cardiopulmonary bypass: An experimental study (1997) Anesthesiology, 87 (5), pp. 1153-1163Romanini, W., Muller, A.P., Carvalho, K.A.T., Olandoski, M., Faria-Neto, J.R., Mendes, F.L., Os efeitos da pressão positiva intermitente e do incentivador respiratório no pós-operatório de revascularização miocárdica (2007) Arq Bras Cardiol, 89 (2), pp. 105-110Milgrom, L.B., Brooks, J.A., Qi, R., Bunnell, K., Wuestfeld, S., Beckman, D., Pain levels experienced with activities after cardiac surgery (2004) Am J Crit Care, 13 (2), pp. 116-125Fiore Jr, J.F., Chiavegato, L.D., Denehy, L., Paisani, D.M., Faresin, S.M., Do directed cough maneuvers improve cough effectiveness in the early period after open heart surgery? Effect of thoracic support and maximal inspiration on cough peak expiratory flow, cough expiratory volume, and thoracic pain (2008) Respir Care, 53 (8), pp. 1027-1034Tonella, R.M., Araújo, S., Silva, A.M.O., Estimulação elétrica nervosa transcutânea no alívio da dor pós-operatória relacionada com procedimentos fisioterapêuticos em pacientes submetidos a intervenções cirúrgicas abdominais (2006) Rev Bras Anestesiol, 56 (6), pp. 630-64

Fuzzy cluster validation using the partition negentropy criterion

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04277-5_24Proceedings of the 19th International Conference, Limassol, Cyprus, September 14-17, 2009We introduce the Partition Negentropy Criterion (PNC) for cluster validation. It is a cluster validity index that rewards the average normality of the clusters, measured by means of the negentropy, and penalizes the overlap, measured by the partition entropy. The PNC is aimed at finding well separated clusters whose shape is approximately Gaussian. We use the new index to validate fuzzy partitions in a set of synthetic clustering problems, and compare the results to those obtained by the AIC, BIC and ICL criteria. The partitions are obtained by fitting a Gaussian Mixture Model to the data using the EM algorithm. We show that, when the real clusters are normally distributed, all the criteria are able to correctly assess the number of components, with AIC and BIC allowing a higher cluster overlap. However, when the real cluster distributions are not Gaussian (i.e. the distribution assumed by the mixture model) the PNC outperforms the other indices, being able to correctly evaluate the number of clusters while the other criteria (specially AIC and BIC) tend to overestimate it.This work has been partially supported with funds from MEC BFU2006-07902/BFI, CAM S-SEM-0255-2006 and CAM/UAM project CCG08-UAM/TIC-442

Epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Realizou-se um estudo para caracterizar a situação epidemiológica da brucelose bovina. O Estado foi dividido em sete regiões. Em cada região foram amostradas aleatoriamente cerca de 300 propriedades, e dentro dessas foi escolhido de forma aleatória um número pré-estabelecido de animais, dos quais foi obtida uma amostra de sangue. No total foram amostrados 16.072 animais, provenientes de 1.957 propriedades. Em cada propriedade amostrada foi aplicado um questionário epidemiológico para verificar o tipo de exploração e as práticas zootécnicas e sanitárias que poderiam estar associadas ao risco de infecção pela doença. O protocolo de testes utilizado foi o da triagem com o teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado e o reteste dos positivos com o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol. O rebanho foi considerado positivo se pelo menos um animal foi reagente às duas provas sorológicas. Para o Estado, as prevalências de focos e de animais infectados foram, respectivamente, 2,1% [1,5-2,6%] e 1,0% [0,60-1,4%]. Para os circuitos, a prevalência de focos e a de animais foram, respectivamente: circuito 1, 3,1% [1,4-5,7%] e 0,95% [0,0-2,0%]; circuito 2, 7,7% [4,9-11,3%] e 1,0% [0,40-1,7%]; circuito 3, 5,7% [3,4-8,8%] e 2,1% [0,41-3,8%]; circuito 4, 0,66% [0,08-2,4%] e 0,66% [0,0-1,8%]; circuito 5, 0,66% [0,08-2,4%] e 0,05% [0,0-0,13%]; circuito 6, 0,0% [0,0-1,3%] e 0,0% [0,0-0,25%]; circuito 7, 5,4% [2,5-10,1%] e 2,9% [0,49-5,3%]. Os fatores de risco (odds ratio, OR) associados à condição de foco foram: exploração de corte (OR= 4,27 [1,82-10,01]) e histórico de aborto (OR=3,27,1,71-6,25]). ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTA study to characterize the epidemiological status of bovine brucellosis was carried out in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The State was divided in seven regions. Three hundred herds were randomly sampled in each region and a pre-established number of animals were sampled in each of these herds. A total of 16,072 serum samples from 1,957 herds, were collected. In each herd, it was applied an epidemiological questionnaire focused on herd traits as well as husbandry and sanitary practices that could be associated with the risk of infection. The serum samples were screened for antibodies against Brucella spp. by the Rose-Bengal Test and all positive sera were re-tested by the 2-mercaptoethanol test. The herd was considered positive if at least one animal was positive on both tests. The prevalences of infected herds and animals in the State were, respectively 2.1% [1.5-2.6%] and 1.0% [0.60-1.4%]. In the regions, the prevalences of infected herds and animals were, respectively: region 1, 3.1% [1.4-5.7%] and 0.95% [0.0-2.0%]; region 2, 7.7% [4.9-11.3%] and 1.0% [0.40-1.7%]; region 3, 5.7% [3.4-8.8%] and 2.1% [0.41-3.8%]; region 4, 0.66% [0.08-2.4%] and 0.66% [0.0-1.8%]; region 5, 0.66% [0.08-2.4%] and 0.05% [0.0-0.13%]; region 6, 0.0% [0.0-1.3%] and 0.0% [0.0-0.25%]; and region 7, 5.4% [2.5-10.1%] and 2.9% [0.49-5.3%]. The risk factors (odds ratio, OR) associated with the presence of infection were: beef herd (OR= 4.27 [1.82-10.01]) and recent history of abortion (OR= 3.27-1.71-6.25])

Computed tomography image of the mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes in clinically sound Rottweilers

Trough computed tomography (CT), it is possible to evaluate lymph nodes in detail and to detect changes in these structures earlier than with radiographs and ultrasound. Lack of information in the veterinary literature directed the focus of this report to normal aspects of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes of adult dogs on CT imaging. A CT scan of 15 normal adult male and female Rottweilers was done. To define them as clinically sound, anamnesis, physical examination, complete blood count, renal and hepatic biochemistry, ECG, and thoracic radiographs were performed. After the intravenous injection of hydrosoluble ionic iodine contrast medium contiguous 10mm in thickness thoracic transverse images were obtained with an axial scanner. In the obtained images mediastinal and axillary lymph nodes were sought and when found measured in their smallest diameter and their attenuation was compared to musculature. Mean and standard deviation of: age, weight, body length and the smallest diameter of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes were determined. Mean and standard deviation of parameters: age 3.87±2.03 years, weight 41.13±5.12, and body length 89.61±2.63cm. Axillary lymph nodes were seen in 60% of the animals, mean of the smallest diameter was 3.58mm with a standard deviation of 2.02 and a minimum value of 1mm and a maximum value of 7mm. From 13 observed lymph nodes 61.53% were hypopodense when compared with musculature, and 30.77% were isodense. Mediastinal lymph nodes were identified in 73.33% of the dogs; mean measure of the smallest diameter was 4.71mm with a standard deviation of 2.61mm and a minimum value of 1mm, and a maximum value of 8mm. From 14 observed lymph nodes 85.71% were isodense when compared with musculature and 14.28% were hypodense. The results show that it is possible to visualize axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes in adult clinically sound Rottweilers with CT using a slice thickness and interval of 10mm. The smallest diameter of the axillary and mediastinal lymph nodes not surpassed 7mm and 8mm respectively. Their attenuations were equal or smaller than that of musculature in the post contrast scan

Search for a W' boson decaying to a bottom quark and a top quark in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for a W' boson using a dataset corresponding to 5.0 inverse femtobarns of integrated luminosity collected during 2011 by the CMS experiment at the LHC in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV. The W' boson is modeled as a heavy W boson, but different scenarios for the couplings to fermions are considered, involving both left-handed and right-handed chiral projections of the fermions, as well as an arbitrary mixture of the two. The search is performed in the decay channel W' to t b, leading to a final state signature with a single lepton (e, mu), missing transverse energy, and jets, at least one of which is tagged as a b-jet. A W' boson that couples to fermions with the same coupling constant as the W, but to the right-handed rather than left-handed chiral projections, is excluded for masses below 1.85 TeV at the 95% confidence level. For the first time using LHC data, constraints on the W' gauge coupling for a set of left- and right-handed coupling combinations have been placed. These results represent a significant improvement over previously published limits.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters B. Replaced with version publishe

Search for the standard model Higgs boson decaying into two photons in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV

A search for a Higgs boson decaying into two photons is described. The analysis is performed using a dataset recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC from pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 4.8 inverse femtobarns. Limits are set on the cross section of the standard model Higgs boson decaying to two photons. The expected exclusion limit at 95% confidence level is between 1.4 and 2.4 times the standard model cross section in the mass range between 110 and 150 GeV. The analysis of the data excludes, at 95% confidence level, the standard model Higgs boson decaying into two photons in the mass range 128 to 132 GeV. The largest excess of events above the expected standard model background is observed for a Higgs boson mass hypothesis of 124 GeV with a local significance of 3.1 sigma. The global significance of observing an excess with a local significance greater than 3.1 sigma anywhere in the search range 110-150 GeV is estimated to be 1.8 sigma. More data are required to ascertain the origin of this excess.Comment: Submitted to Physics Letters