Campanha Educativa: a construção de um gênero como ação social

The present research project, of a theoretical and methodological feature, is configured as a proposal for the construction of the genre Educational Campaign (EC), a hybrid genre, consisting primarily of subgenres of the journalistic-media and literary spheres, which will be used as optimized tool for the culmination of the Didactic Project (DP). The pedagogy of DP (ANTUNES, 2012; GANDIM; 2012) supports the development of the work based on relevant themes to the students, being in the intervention described here, the fight against Racial Prejudice and Black Empowerment. From the deepening of these themes, the study of Textual Genres from the sociointeractionist perspective(BAKTHIN, 2003; MARCUSHI, 2003) made possible an interventionist proposal anchored in action-research (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2008;THIOLLENT, 2011), in Protagonism of the Student, in the Teaching Authorship and in the organization of Didactic Sequences (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004; COSSON2014). The investigative locus is configured by a class of 9th grade of Elementary School II, which in the continuity of the project became a class of 1st year of HighSchool, from a public state school in a neighborhood on the outskirts of Juiz de Fora – MG, inserted in a community victim of serious socioeconomic problems. That said, the teaching proposal fostered here seeks to enable effective learning by articulating, in the development of the project, the improvement of the four axes of Portuguese language teaching (reading, writing, orality and linguistic resources) with the promotion of a critical and citizen education .O presente projeto de pesquisa, de caráter teórico-metodológico, configura-se como uma proposta de construção do gênero Campanha Educativa (CE), um gênero híbrido, constituído, prioritariamente, por subgêneros das esferas jornalístico-midiática e literária, que será utilizado como ferramenta otimizada para a culminância do Projeto Didático (PD). A pedagogia de PD (ANTUNES, 2012; GANDIM; 2012) alicerça o desenvolvimento do trabalho pautado em temas relevantes para os alunos, sendo, na intervenção aqui descrita, o combate ao preconceito racial e o empoderamento negro. A partir do aprofundamento dessas temáticas, o estudo dos Gêneros Textuais, na perspectiva sociointeracionista (BAKTHIN, 2003; MARCUSHI, 2003), viabilizou uma proposta interventiva ancorada na Pesquisa-Ação (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2008; THIOLLENT, 2011), no Protagonismo Discente, na Autoria Docente e na organização de Sequências Didáticas (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004; COSSON 2014). O lócus investigativo é configurado por uma turma de 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental II que, na continuidade do projeto, tornou-se turma do 1º ano do Ensino Médio, de uma escola estadual de um bairro da periferia de Juiz de Fora – MG, inserida em uma comunidade vítima de sérios problemas socioeconômicos. Diante disso, a proposta de ensino aqui fomentada busca viabilizar uma aprendizagem efetiva ao articular, no desenvolvimento do projeto, o aprimoramento dos quatro eixos de ensino de Língua Portuguesa (leitura, escrita, oralidade e recursos linguísticos) com a promoção de uma educação crítica e cidadã

Gender agreement attraction in Greek comprehension

This work explores gender agreement attraction in comprehension. Attraction occurs when an agreement error (such as, “the key to the cabinets are rusty”) goes unnoticed, leading to the illusion of grammaticality due to a mismatch between the value of the head and the value of a local intervening phase (attractor). According to retrieval accounts, these errors occur during cue retrieval from memory and predict illusions of grammaticality. Alternatively, representational accounts predict that the errors occur due to the faulty representation of certain features, thus, illusions of ungrammaticality are also expected. In four experiments we explore: (a) whether gender agreement attraction occurs in Greek and the strategy/-ies employed, (b) the role of the agreement target, (c) the timing of gender agreement attraction, (d) the role of phonological matching between the nominal inflectional morphemes of the attractor and the agreement target, and (e) participants’ sensitivity to agreement when there is no conflict from the attractor. In all four experiments, the grammaticality of the sentence and the attractor value (match or mismatch with the head) and also the phonological matching between the attractor and the agreement target in ungrammatical sentences were manipulated. The agreement target was either an adjectival predicate or an object-clitic and the gender value of the head was feminine or neuter. Attraction was found in all measures during the time-course of adjectival predicates (Experiment 1) and object-clitics (Experiment 2), and in timed (Experiment 3), and untimed (Experiment 4) judgments. Even more, both gender values showed attraction and the results mainly suggest that participants experience illusions of grammaticality, confirming retrieval accounts. Phonological matching did not modulate attraction in any of the experiments, suggesting that the similarity in the morphophonological realization between the agreement target and the attractor does not increase attraction. Furthermore, participants were sensitive to gender agreement violations in the absence of gender mismatch between the head and the attractor, suggesting that they respect agreement rules and have both neuter and feminine available in their feature content repertoire, although with some tendency in favor of neuter in feminine agreement contexts. The impact of these findings is discussed within the concept of attraction and sensitivity to agreement violations

Egg components and offspring survival vary with group size and laying order in a cooperative breeder

Prenatal resource allocation to offspring can be influenced by maternal environment and offspring value, and affect offspring survival. An important pathway for flexible maternal allocation is via egg components such as nutrients and hormones. In cooperative breeders, females with helpers may increase resource allocation to eggs-'differential allocation'-or reduce it-'load-lightening'. Yet, helper effects on egg composition have been poorly studied. Moreover, it is unknown how helpers' presence modulates laying order effects on egg content and survival. Here, we investigated how maternal allocation varied with group size and laying order in the cooperatively breeding sociable weaver (Philetairus socius). We estimated interactive effects of helpers and laying order on allocation to egg mass, yolk nutrients-yolk mass, proteins, lipids, carotenoids, vitamin A and vitamin E-and hormones-testosterone, androstenedione, and corticosterone. Results concurred with the 'differential allocation' predictions. Females with more helpers produced later-laid eggs with heavier yolks and more lipids, and laid eggs overall richer in lipids. Proteins, antioxidants, and hormones were not found to vary with helper number. We then analyzed how helper number modulated laying order effects on survival. Females with more helpers did not specifically produce later-laid eggs with higher survival, but eggs laid by females with more helpers were overall more likely to fledge. These findings show that some egg components (yolk mass, lipids) can positively vary according to females' breeding group size, which may improve offspring fitness

Hydrothermally-induced changes in mineralogy and magnetic properties of oxidized A-type granites

The changes in magnetic mineralogy due to the hydrothermal alteration of A-type granitic rocks have been thoroughly\ud investigated in samples fromthe granite of Tana (Corsica, France), and compared with other A-type granites:\ud Meruoca (NE Brazil), Bushveld (South Africa), Mount Scott (Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma, USA) and the\ud stratoid hypersolvus granites of Madagascar. The altered red-colored samples and their non-altered equivalents\ud were magnetically characterized by means of magnetic susceptibility measurements, hysteresis loops, remanent\ud coercivity spectra, and Lowrie test. It is shown that hydrothermalization in magnetite-bearing granites is related\ud to the formation of fine-grained magnetite and hematite, and to coeval depletion in the content of primary lowcoercive\ud coarse-grained magnetite. These mineralogical changes give typical rock magnetic signatures, namely\ud lower susceptibilitymagnitudes and anisotropy degrees, prolateAMS (anisotropy ofmagnetic susceptibility) fabrics\ud and increased coercivities. Optical microscopy and SEM (scanning electronic microscopy) images suggest\ud that the orientation of the secondary magnetic minerals is related to fluid-pathways and micro-fractures formed\ud during the hydrothermal event and therefore may be unrelated to magma emplacement and crystallization fabrics.\ud Changes inmagnetic mineralogy and grain-size distribution have also to be considered for any paleomagnetic\ud and iron isotope studies in granites.INSU-3F (Failles, fractures, flux) 2008 projec

Hazelnut milk fermentation using probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and inulin

Following the consumer demand of healthy vegetable products due to their interesting nutritional profiles and potential functionalities, the fermentation process of hazelnut milk with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and S.thermophilus was studied. The effect of different factors (glucose, inulin and inoculum contents) was analysed to ensure sufficient probiotic survivals in a minimum time. The shelf life of the optimised product was characterised in terms of its main physicochemical and quality parameters (probiotic survivals and sensory analysis). Results showed that the defined formulation allowed high probiotic survivals (approximate to 10(8)cfumL(-1)) throughout cold storage and >60% survived to the in vitro digestion process (approximate to 10(5)cfumL(-1)). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was no able to degrade inulin, which remained to exert health benefits in the host. The product was highly appreciated by the sensory panel during its shelf life despite the formation of a weak gel, which presented syneresis at the last storage time.This research has been carried out thanks to a funded project by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-05-11-2740). This study was also supported by the Conselleria de Educacion of Valencian government, which granted the author N. Bernat (ACIF/2011).Bernat Pérez, N.; Cháfer Nácher, MT.; Chiralt Boix, MA.; González Martínez, MC. (2014). Hazelnut milk fermentation using probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and inulin. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 49(12):2553-2562. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12585S255325624912Allgeyer, L. C., Miller, M. J., & Lee, S.-Y. (2010). Sensory and microbiological quality of yogurt drinks with prebiotics and probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(10), 4471-4479. doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2582Angelov, A., Gotcheva, V., Kuncheva, R., & Hristozova, T. (2006). Development of a new oat-based probiotic drink. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 112(1), 75-80. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.05.015Arcia, P. L., Costell, E., & Tárrega, A. (2010). Thickness suitability of prebiotic dairy desserts: Relationship with rheological properties. Food Research International, 43(10), 2409-2416. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2010.09.013Bezkorovainy, A. (2001). Probiotics: determinants of survival and growth in the gut. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(2), 399s-405s. doi:10.1093/ajcn/73.2.399sBöhm, A., Kaiser, I., Trebstein, A., & Henle, T. (2004). Heat-induced degradation of inulin. European Food Research and Technology, 220(5-6), 466-471. doi:10.1007/s00217-004-1098-8Bolling, B. W., Chen, C.-Y. O., McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2011). Tree nut phytochemicals: composition, antioxidant capacity, bioactivity, impact factors. A systematic review of almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamias, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts. Nutrition Research Reviews, 24(2), 244-275. doi:10.1017/s095442241100014xBrennan, C. S., & Tudorica, C. M. (2008). Carbohydrate-based fat replacers in the modification of the rheological, textural and sensory quality of yoghurt: comparative study of the utilisation of barley beta-glucan, guar gum and inulin. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 43(5), 824-833. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01522.xBuddington, R. (2009). Using Probiotics and Prebiotics to Manage the Gastrointestinal Tract Ecosystem. Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology, 1-31. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79058-9_1Corcoran, B. M., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F., & Ross, R. P. (2005). Survival of Probiotic Lactobacilli in Acidic Environments Is Enhanced in the Presence of Metabolizable Sugars. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(6), 3060-3067. doi:10.1128/aem.71.6.3060-3067.2005Cruz, A. G., Faria, J. A. F., Walter, E. H. M., Andrade, R. R., Cavalcanti, R. N., Oliveira, C. A. F., & Granato, D. (2010). Processing optimization of probiotic yogurt containing glucose oxidase using response surface methodology. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(11), 5059-5068. doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3336DE SOUZA OLIVEIRA, R. P., PEREGO, P., CONVERTI, A., & DE OLIVEIRA, M. N. (2009). The effect of inulin as a prebiotic on the production of probiotic fibre-enriched fermented milk. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 62(2), 195-203. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0307.2009.00471.xDel Campo, R., Bravo, D., Canton, R., Ruiz-Garbajosa, P., Garcia-Albiach, R., Montesi-Libois, A., … Baquero, F. (2005). Scarce Evidence of Yogurt Lactic Acid Bacteria in Human Feces after Daily Yogurt Consumption by Healthy Volunteers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(1), 547-549. doi:10.1128/aem.71.1.547-549.2005Donkor, O. N., Nilmini, S. L. I., Stolic, P., Vasiljevic, T., & Shah, N. P. (2007). Survival and activity of selected probiotic organisms in set-type yoghurt during cold storage. International Dairy Journal, 17(6), 657-665. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.08.006Doron, S., Snydman, D. R., & Gorbach, S. L. (2005). Lactobacillus GG: Bacteriology and Clinical Applications. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 34(3), 483-498. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2005.05.011Franck, A. (2002). Technological functionality of inulin and oligofructose. British Journal of Nutrition, 87(S2), S287-S291. doi:10.1079/bjn/2002550Garcı́a-Ochoa, F., Santos, V. ., Casas, J. ., & Gómez, E. (2000). Xanthan gum: production, recovery, and properties. Biotechnology Advances, 18(7), 549-579. doi:10.1016/s0734-9750(00)00050-1Glahn, R. P., Lee, O. A., Yeung, A., Goldman, M. I., & Miller, D. D. (1998). Caco-2 Cell Ferritin Formation Predicts Nonradiolabeled Food Iron Availability in an In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Culture Model. The Journal of Nutrition, 128(9), 1555-1561. doi:10.1093/jn/128.9.1555Granato, D., de Araújo Calado, V. M., & Jarvis, B. (2014). Observations on the use of statistical methods in Food Science and Technology. Food Research International, 55, 137-149. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.10.024Hekmat, S., Soltani, H., & Reid, G. (2009). Growth and survival of Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 in yogurt for use as a functional food. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 10(2), 293-296. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2008.10.007Kedia, G., Wang, R., Patel, H., & Pandiella, S. S. (2007). Use of mixed cultures for the fermentation of cereal-based substrates with potential probiotic properties. Process Biochemistry, 42(1), 65-70. doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2006.07.011Köksal, A. İ., Artik, N., Şimşek, A., & Güneş, N. (2006). Nutrient composition of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) varieties cultivated in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 99(3), 509-515. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.08.013Kolida, S., Tuohy, K., & Gibson, G. R. (2002). Prebiotic effects of inulin and oligofructose. British Journal of Nutrition, 87(S2), S193-S197. doi:10.1079/bjn/2002537Lovejoy, J. C. (2005). The impact of nuts on diabetes and diabetes risk. Current Diabetes Reports, 5(5), 379-384. doi:10.1007/s11892-005-0097-xMarcotte, M., Taherian Hoshahili, A. R., & Ramaswamy, H. S. (2001). Rheological properties of selected hydrocolloids as a function of concentration and temperature. Food Research International, 34(8), 695-703. doi:10.1016/s0963-9969(01)00091-6Mårtensson, O., Andersson, C., Andersson, K., Öste, R., & Holst, O. (2001). Formulation of an oat-based fermented product and its comparison with yoghurt. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(14), 1314-1321. doi:10.1002/jsfa.947Julian McClements, D. (2004). Food Emulsions. Contemporary Food Science. doi:10.1201/9781420039436Ott, A., Hugi, A., Baumgartner, M., & Chaintreau, A. (2000). Sensory Investigation of Yogurt Flavor Perception:  Mutual Influence of Volatiles and Acidity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(2), 441-450. doi:10.1021/jf990432xRanadheera, R. D. C. S., Baines, S. K., & Adams, M. C. (2010). Importance of food in probiotic efficacy. Food Research International, 43(1), 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.09.009Roberfroid, M. B. (2005). Introducing inulin-type fructans. British Journal of Nutrition, 93(S1), S13-S25. doi:10.1079/bjn20041350Saad, N., Delattre, C., Urdaci, M., Schmitter, J. M., & Bressollier, P. (2013). An overview of the last advances in probiotic and prebiotic field. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 50(1), 1-16. doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2012.05.014Shah, N. P. (2007). Functional cultures and health benefits. International Dairy Journal, 17(11), 1262-1277. doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2007.01.014Song, K.-W., Kim, Y.-S., & Chang, G.-S. (2006). Rheology of concentrated xanthan gum solutions: Steady shear flow behavior. Fibers and Polymers, 7(2), 129-138. doi:10.1007/bf02908257Tey, S. L., Brown, R., Chisholm, A., Gray, A., Williams, S., & Delahunty, C. (2011). Current guidelines for nut consumption are achievable and sustainable: a hazelnut intervention. British Journal of Nutrition, 105(10), 1503-1511. doi:10.1017/s0007114510005283Tey, S. L., Brown, R. C., Chisholm, A. W., Delahunty, C. M., Gray, A. R., & Williams, S. M. (2010). Effects of different forms of hazelnuts on blood lipids and α-tocopherol concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65(1), 117-124. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.20

Natação: reconhecimento do projeto de extensão no interior da Bahia

Swimming does make part of the active body culture and, so, can be experienced with sportive, educational or even health objectives. Having as purpose the interaction among these three factors (sport, health and education) the project of extension “Experiencing the Aquatic Environment” was developed in the city of Jequié, Bahia state, to give the opportunity to students of public schools access to swimming. Therefore, the aims were to evaluate the level of learning of the adaptation techniques to the liquid  environment and get to know the opinion of the Physical Education students, participants in this extension project, referring to its contribution to their professional development. This descriptive qualitative and quantitative study had the participation of 8 school students and 12 university extension students. The school students did three activities in the swimming pool related to adaptation techniques: balance, breathing and floating. Such activities were executed before and after their participation on the program, evaluating the performance of every participating school student. In this case, activities were graded as “done” or “not done”. In order to carry out this stage a descriptive statistical analysis was used and graded in percentage. On the other hand the University extension students answered a structured questionnaire with open and closed questions referring to the University Extension Program and to their own professional development. Data was classified according to analysis categories. At the end of the project we observed that most of the school students accomplished the breathing and balance techniques, and considered floating  the most difficult one. As for the University extension students, it was concluded that they understood the importance of the project as a way to contribute with the community, however the other way around was not evidenced. Referring to instruction, they value the project as a fact that contributed to their professional development, at the same time that it assured them an experience with reality, a place where “it was possible to act as a teacher”. It was concluded that the project “Experiencing the Aquatic Environment” has been considered a place for the development of the school students as much as for the University extension students. This is due to the  access to swimming lessons that have been offered to the school students after noticing improvement in breathing and balance techniques. It has also promoted great changes to the volunteer university students of the project since they could realize the importance of the University extension program as a context that consolidates their recently acquired knowledge and a place for the University to offer to the community access to swimming lessons. Nevertheless, what remains between lines is the fact that being an “elite” component of the active body culture, due to the need of specific infrastructure, the swimming practice faces great obstacles, mostly in places where there is lack of public swimming pools, which is the city of Jequié’s case. La natación hace parte de la cultura del cuerpo en movimiento y como tal, puede ser vivenciada con fines deportivos, educativos e incluso con fines dirigidos hacia la salud. Con el propósito de dialogar con esas tres áreas (Deporte, salud y educación) fue desarrollado el proyecto de extensión “Vivenciando el medio acuático” en la ciudad de Jequié en el estado de Bahía, para abrir la oportunidad a  que estudiantes de la red pública de educación, tengan acceso a la natación. De este modo los objetivos fueron, evaluar el nivel de aprendizaje de las técnicas de adaptación al medio líquido después de participar en el referido proyecto, e conocer la opinión de los estudiantes de extensión de la licenciatura de Educación Física, quienes participaron de dicho proyecto de extensión universitaria, sobre la contribución del mismo a su formación profesional. El estudio de naturaleza cualitativa y cuantitativa y de tipo descriptivo contó con la participación de 8 estudiantes de educación básica y 12 alumnos de pregrado del proyecto de extensión. Los estudiantes de educación básica realizaron tres actividades en la piscina referentes a las técnicas de adaptación: Equilibrio, respiración y flote. Tales ejecuciones fueron realizadas en los momentos anterior y posterior a la participación en el programa, evaluando el desempeño de cada alumno participante. En este caso las actividades fueron descritas como “realizó” o  “no realizó”. Para el desarrollo de esta etapa fue utilizada el tipo de análisis estadístico  descriptivo, dado en porcentajes. En el caso de los estudiantes del programa de extensión, respondieron a un cuestionario estructurado que contenía preguntas abiertas y cerradas referentes a la extensión Universitaria y a su formación profesional. La información fue clasificada y analizada a partir de categorías de análisis. Al término del proyecto se verificó que la mayor parte de los estudiantes de educación básica había conseguido realizar las técnicas de respiración y equilibrio, mientras que las de flote había permanecido como la mayor dificultad. En lo que se refiere a los estudiantes del programa de extensión se observó que comprendieron la importancia del proyecto como forma de contribuir con la comunidad, mientras que no se vio reciprocidad por parte de la comunidad. Con respecto a la formación, valorizaron el proyecto como un espacio que contribuye a la formación profesional, en la medida en que les permitió un contacto con la realidad: un espacio donde “fue posible actuar como profesor”. Se concluyó que el proyecto “Vivenciando el Medio Acuático”, ha sido considerado como un espacio para el desarrollo de los estudiantes de educación básica y para los estudiantes del proyecto de extensión. Esto se explica porque se ha ofrecido acceso a la natación a los alumnos de educación básica  al ser observado un mejoramiento en el desempeño de las técnicas de equilibrio y respiración. Además ha promovido grandes cambios para los estudiantes voluntarios del proyecto, ya que han comprendido la importancia de la Extensión Universitaria en cuanto espacio que favorece la consolidación del conocimiento adquirido durante el pregrado y viabilizando un espacio para que la Universidad ofrezca a la comunidad acceso a la natación. Sin embargo, lo que se percibe entre líneas es que por el hecho de tratarse de un componente “altamente exclusivo” de la cultura del cuerpo en acción, por exigir una infraestructura específica, la práctica de la natación enfrenta grandes obstáculos, sobretodo en lugares en donde hay escasez de piscinas públicas, lo cual es el caso de la ciudad de Jequié.A natação faz parte da cultura corporal de movimento e, como tal, pode ser vivenciada com fins esportivos, educacionais ou ainda com fins voltados para a saúde. Com intuito de dialogar com essas três áreas (esporte, saúde e educação) foi desenvolvido o Projeto de extensão “Vivenciando o Meio Aquático” na cidade de Jequié-BA, para oportunizar aos escolares da rede pública de ensino o acesso à natação. Assim, os objetivos foram avaliar o nível de aprendizagem das técnicas de adaptação ao meio líquido após participarem do referido Projeto, e conhecer a opinião dos extensionistas do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física participantes do projeto no que se refere à extensão universitária e da sua contribuição para a formação profissional. O estudo de natureza quanti-qualitativa do tipo descritivo contou com a participação de 8 escolares e 12 extensionistas. Os escolares realizaram três atividades na piscina referentes às técnicas de adaptação: equilíbrio, respiração e flutuação. Tais execuções foram realizadas nos momentos anterior e posterior à participação no programa avaliando o desempenho de cada escolar participante. Neste caso as atividades foram descritas em “realizou” ou “não realizou”. Para realização desta etapa, foi utilizada análise estatística descritiva dada em porcentagem. Já os extensionistas responderam a um questionário estruturado contendo questões abertas e fechadas referentes à extensão universitária e a formação profissional. Os dados foram categorizados e analisados a partir de categorias de análises. Ao término do projeto verificou-se que a maior parte dos escolares conseguiu realizar as técnicas respiração e equilíbrio, permanecendo a flutuação como a maior dificuldade. No que se refere aos extensionistas observou-se que eles compreenderam a importância do projeto como forma de contribuir com a comunidade, entretanto não observaram a via de mão dupla. No que tange à formação, eles valorizaram o projeto como espaço que contribuiu para a formação profissional, na medida em que garantiu a eles um contato com a realidade, um espaço em que “foi possível atuar como professor”. Concluiu-se que o Projeto “Vivenciando o Meio Aquático” tem sido considerado um espaço para desenvolvimento dos escolares e dos extensionistas. Isto porque tem sido ofertado o acesso da natação para os escolares uma vez observada a melhora no desempenho das técnicas de equilíbrio e respiração. Tem também promovido grandes mudanças para os discentes voluntários do projeto uma vez que tais discentes compreendem a importância da Extensão Universitária enquanto espaço que favorece a consolidação do conhecimento adquirido no curso de graduação e oportuniza um espaço para que a Universidade consiga oferecer à comunidade o acesso à natação. Entretanto, o que fica nas entrelinhas é o fato de que por se tratar de um componente da cultura corporal de movimento “elitizado”, por exigir uma infraestrutura específica, a prática da natação enfrenta grandes obstáculos, sobretudo, em locais onde há escassez de piscinas públicas, caso da cidade de Jequié

Natação: reconhecimento do projeto de extensão no interior da Bahia

Swimming does make part of the active body culture and, so, can be experienced with sportive, educational or even health objectives. Having as purpose the interaction among these three factors (sport, health and education) the project of extension “Experiencing the Aquatic Environment” was developed in the city of Jequié, Bahia state, to give the opportunity to students of public schools access to swimming. Therefore, the aims were to evaluate the level of learning of the adaptation techniques to the liquid  environment and get to know the opinion of the Physical Education students, participants in this extension project, referring to its contribution to their professional development. This descriptive qualitative and quantitative study had the participation of 8 school students and 12 university extension students. The school students did three activities in the swimming pool related to adaptation techniques: balance, breathing and floating. Such activities were executed before and after their participation on the program, evaluating the performance of every participating school student. In this case, activities were graded as “done” or “not done”. In order to carry out this stage a descriptive statistical analysis was used and graded in percentage. On the other hand the University extension students answered a structured questionnaire with open and closed questions referring to the University Extension Program and to their own professional development. Data was classified according to analysis categories. At the end of the project we observed that most of the school students accomplished the breathing and balance techniques, and considered floating  the most difficult one. As for the University extension students, it was concluded that they understood the importance of the project as a way to contribute with the community, however the other way around was not evidenced. Referring to instruction, they value the project as a fact that contributed to their professional development, at the same time that it assured them an experience with reality, a place where “it was possible to act as a teacher”. It was concluded that the project “Experiencing the Aquatic Environment” has been considered a place for the development of the school students as much as for the University extension students. This is due to the  access to swimming lessons that have been offered to the school students after noticing improvement in breathing and balance techniques. It has also promoted great changes to the volunteer university students of the project since they could realize the importance of the University extension program as a context that consolidates their recently acquired knowledge and a place for the University to offer to the community access to swimming lessons. Nevertheless, what remains between lines is the fact that being an “elite” component of the active body culture, due to the need of specific infrastructure, the swimming practice faces great obstacles, mostly in places where there is lack of public swimming pools, which is the city of Jequié’s case. La natación hace parte de la cultura del cuerpo en movimiento y como tal, puede ser vivenciada con fines deportivos, educativos e incluso con fines dirigidos hacia la salud. Con el propósito de dialogar con esas tres áreas (Deporte, salud y educación) fue desarrollado el proyecto de extensión “Vivenciando el medio acuático” en la ciudad de Jequié en el estado de Bahía, para abrir la oportunidad a  que estudiantes de la red pública de educación, tengan acceso a la natación. De este modo los objetivos fueron, evaluar el nivel de aprendizaje de las técnicas de adaptación al medio líquido después de participar en el referido proyecto, e conocer la opinión de los estudiantes de extensión de la licenciatura de Educación Física, quienes participaron de dicho proyecto de extensión universitaria, sobre la contribución del mismo a su formación profesional. El estudio de naturaleza cualitativa y cuantitativa y de tipo descriptivo contó con la participación de 8 estudiantes de educación básica y 12 alumnos de pregrado del proyecto de extensión. Los estudiantes de educación básica realizaron tres actividades en la piscina referentes a las técnicas de adaptación: Equilibrio, respiración y flote. Tales ejecuciones fueron realizadas en los momentos anterior y posterior a la participación en el programa, evaluando el desempeño de cada alumno participante. En este caso las actividades fueron descritas como “realizó” o  “no realizó”. Para el desarrollo de esta etapa fue utilizada el tipo de análisis estadístico  descriptivo, dado en porcentajes. En el caso de los estudiantes del programa de extensión, respondieron a un cuestionario estructurado que contenía preguntas abiertas y cerradas referentes a la extensión Universitaria y a su formación profesional. La información fue clasificada y analizada a partir de categorías de análisis. Al término del proyecto se verificó que la mayor parte de los estudiantes de educación básica había conseguido realizar las técnicas de respiración y equilibrio, mientras que las de flote había permanecido como la mayor dificultad. En lo que se refiere a los estudiantes del programa de extensión se observó que comprendieron la importancia del proyecto como forma de contribuir con la comunidad, mientras que no se vio reciprocidad por parte de la comunidad. Con respecto a la formación, valorizaron el proyecto como un espacio que contribuye a la formación profesional, en la medida en que les permitió un contacto con la realidad: un espacio donde “fue posible actuar como profesor”. Se concluyó que el proyecto “Vivenciando el Medio Acuático”, ha sido considerado como un espacio para el desarrollo de los estudiantes de educación básica y para los estudiantes del proyecto de extensión. Esto se explica porque se ha ofrecido acceso a la natación a los alumnos de educación básica  al ser observado un mejoramiento en el desempeño de las técnicas de equilibrio y respiración. Además ha promovido grandes cambios para los estudiantes voluntarios del proyecto, ya que han comprendido la importancia de la Extensión Universitaria en cuanto espacio que favorece la consolidación del conocimiento adquirido durante el pregrado y viabilizando un espacio para que la Universidad ofrezca a la comunidad acceso a la natación. Sin embargo, lo que se percibe entre líneas es que por el hecho de tratarse de un componente “altamente exclusivo” de la cultura del cuerpo en acción, por exigir una infraestructura específica, la práctica de la natación enfrenta grandes obstáculos, sobretodo en lugares en donde hay escasez de piscinas públicas, lo cual es el caso de la ciudad de Jequié.A natação faz parte da cultura corporal de movimento e, como tal, pode ser vivenciada com fins esportivos, educacionais ou ainda com fins voltados para a saúde. Com intuito de dialogar com essas três áreas (esporte, saúde e educação) foi desenvolvido o Projeto de extensão “Vivenciando o Meio Aquático” na cidade de Jequié-BA, para oportunizar aos escolares da rede pública de ensino o acesso à natação. Assim, os objetivos foram avaliar o nível de aprendizagem das técnicas de adaptação ao meio líquido após participarem do referido Projeto, e conhecer a opinião dos extensionistas do curso de Licenciatura em Educação Física participantes do projeto no que se refere à extensão universitária e da sua contribuição para a formação profissional. O estudo de natureza quanti-qualitativa do tipo descritivo contou com a participação de 8 escolares e 12 extensionistas. Os escolares realizaram três atividades na piscina referentes às técnicas de adaptação: equilíbrio, respiração e flutuação. Tais execuções foram realizadas nos momentos anterior e posterior à participação no programa avaliando o desempenho de cada escolar participante. Neste caso as atividades foram descritas em “realizou” ou “não realizou”. Para realização desta etapa, foi utilizada análise estatística descritiva dada em porcentagem. Já os extensionistas responderam a um questionário estruturado contendo questões abertas e fechadas referentes à extensão universitária e a formação profissional. Os dados foram categorizados e analisados a partir de categorias de análises. Ao término do projeto verificou-se que a maior parte dos escolares conseguiu realizar as técnicas respiração e equilíbrio, permanecendo a flutuação como a maior dificuldade. No que se refere aos extensionistas observou-se que eles compreenderam a importância do projeto como forma de contribuir com a comunidade, entretanto não observaram a via de mão dupla. No que tange à formação, eles valorizaram o projeto como espaço que contribuiu para a formação profissional, na medida em que garantiu a eles um contato com a realidade, um espaço em que “foi possível atuar como professor”. Concluiu-se que o Projeto “Vivenciando o Meio Aquático” tem sido considerado um espaço para desenvolvimento dos escolares e dos extensionistas. Isto porque tem sido ofertado o acesso da natação para os escolares uma vez observada a melhora no desempenho das técnicas de equilíbrio e respiração. Tem também promovido grandes mudanças para os discentes voluntários do projeto uma vez que tais discentes compreendem a importância da Extensão Universitária enquanto espaço que favorece a consolidação do conhecimento adquirido no curso de graduação e oportuniza um espaço para que a Universidade consiga oferecer à comunidade o acesso à natação. Entretanto, o que fica nas entrelinhas é o fato de que por se tratar de um componente da cultura corporal de movimento “elitizado”, por exigir uma infraestrutura específica, a prática da natação enfrenta grandes obstáculos, sobretudo, em locais onde há escassez de piscinas públicas, caso da cidade de Jequié

Possible patterns of marine primary productivity during the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event

Following the appearance of numerous animal phyla during the ‘Cambrian Explosion’, the ‘Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’ (GOBE) records their rapid diversification at the lower taxonomic levels, constituting the most significant rise in biodiversity in Earth's history. Recent studies suggest that the rapid rise in phytoplankton diversity observed at the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary may have profoundly restructured marine trophic chains, paving the way for the subsequent flourishing of plankton-feeding groups during the Ordovician. Unfortunately, the fossil record of plankton is incomplete. Its smaller members represent the bulk of the modern marine biomass, but they are usually not documented in Palaeozoic sediments, preventing any definitive assumption with regard to an eventual correlation between biodiversity and biomass at that time. Here, we use an up-to-date ocean general circulation model with biogeochemical capabilities (MITgcm) to simulate the spatial patterns of marine primary productivity throughout the Ordovician, and we compare the model output with available palaeontological and sedimentological data

A high quality assembly of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) genome reveals the structure of two sex determination regions

Background  Tilapias are the second most farmed fishes in the world and a sustainable source of food. Like many other fish, tilapias are sexually dimorphic and sex is a commercially important trait in these fish. In this study, we developed a significantly improved assembly of the tilapia genome using the latest genome sequencing methods and show how it improves the characterization of two sex determination regions in two tilapia species.  Results  A homozygous clonal XX female Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was sequenced to 44X coverage using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) SMRT sequencing. Dozens of candidate de novo assemblies were generated and an optimal assembly (contig NG50 of 3.3Mbp) was selected using principal component analysis of likelihood scores calculated from several paired-end sequencing libraries. Comparison of the new assembly to the previous O. niloticus genome assembly reveals that recently duplicated portions of the genome are now well represented. The overall number of genes in the new assembly increased by 27.3%, including a 67% increase in pseudogenes. The new tilapia genome assembly correctly represents two recentvasagene duplication events that have been verified with BAC sequencing. At total of 146Mbp of additional transposable element sequence are now assembled, a large proportion of which are recent insertions. Large centromeric satellite repeats are assembled and annotated in cichlid fish for the first time. Finally, the new assembly identifies the long-range structure of both a ~9Mbp XY sex determination region on LG1 in O. niloticus, and a ~50Mbp WZ sex determination region on LG3 in the related species O. aureus.  Conclusions  This study highlights the use of long read sequencing to correctly assemble recent duplications and to characterize repeat-filled regions of the genome. The study serves as an example of the need for high quality genome assemblies and provides a framework for identifying sex determining genes in tilapia and related fish species