Seeking solitude skills : Do memories of intrinsic goals enhance enjoyment of alone time?

Objective: Further investigate the application of self-determination theory (SDT) to experiences of solitude by examining the effects of recalling intrinsic versus non-intrinsic memories. Background: SDT research indicates that recalling memories associated with intrinsic goals (e.g., personal growth, relationships, altruism) enhances present moment wellness by satisfying basic psychological needs. Method: Two studies were conducted with American adults. Study 1 included 465 participants (age = 49.49 [SD = 19.01], 49.46% female) and Study 2 comprised 490 participants (age = 54.16 [SD = 18.89], 51.84% female). Both studies assessed the impact of recalling intrinsic versus non-intrinsic memories prior to a five-minute solitude session. Results: Study 1 found intrinsic memories were linked to more basic psychological need satisfaction than non-intrinsic memories, but both memory types resulted in similar wellness improvements. Contrary to expectations, Study 2 revealed extrinsic memories (e.g., wealth, fame, image) led to the highest basic psychological need satisfaction and least need frustration compared to intrinsic and neutral memories, with all memory conditions showing similar wellness gains. Conclusions: Solitude appears beneficial regardless of memory content. While different memories vary in need satisfying quality, this does not seem to impact the benefits of solitude. These findings suggest further exploration is needed before developing a “solitude skill set” for use during inevitable periods of solitude

A quantitative meta-analysis and qualitative meta-synthesis of aged care residents’ experiences of autonomy, being controlled, and optimal functioning

Background and Objectives The poor mental health of adults living in aged care needs addressing. Improvements to nutrition and exercise are important, but mental health requires a psychological approach. Self-determination theory finds that autonomy is essential to wellbeing while experiences of being controlled undermine it. A review of existing quantitative data could underscore the importance of autonomy in aged care, and a review of the qualitative literature could inform ways to promote autonomy and avoid control. Testing these possibilities was the objective of this research. Research Design and Methods We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of studies investigating autonomy, control, and indices of optimal functioning in aged care settings. The search identified 30 eligible reports (19 quantitative, 11 qualitative), including 141 quantitative effect sizes, 84 qualitative data items, and N = 2,668. Quantitative effects were pooled using three-level meta-analytic structural equation models, and the qualitative data were meta-synthesized using a grounded theory approach. Results As predicted, the meta-analysis showed a positive effect of aged care residents’ autonomy and their wellness, r = 0.33 [95% CI: 0.27, 0.39], and a negative effect of control, r = −0.16 [95% CI: −0.27, −0.06]. The meta-synthesis revealed seven primary and three sub-themes describing the nuanced ways autonomy, control, and help seeking are manifest in residential aged care settings. Discussion and Implications The results suggest that autonomy should be supported, and unnecessary external control should be minimized in residential aged care, and we discuss ways the sector could strive for both aims

Fibrous Monolithic Ceramics

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66419/1/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03148.x.pd

Growth Trajectories of Preterm Infants: Birth to 12 Years

Introduction: Birth weight often is used to predict how preterm infants will grow, but scant attention has been paid to the effect of neonatal morbidities on growth trajectories. We investigated birth weight and neonatal morbidity in preterm infants’ growth to age 12 years. Method: A five-group, prospective, longitudinal study was conducted with 194 infants: 46 full term; 29 healthy preterm without morbidity; 56 preterm with medical illness (MPT); 34 preterm with neurologic illness; and 29 preterm small for gestational age (SGA). Height, weight, and body mass index were measured at six ages. Results: The full-term group had greater height than the preterm groups to age 8 years, when healthy preterm and MPT groups caught up. Only the SGA group had smaller height at age 12 years. The MPT, preterm with neurologic illness, and SGA groups had lower weight through age 12 years. Body mass index was appropriate for preterm groups by age 4 years. Across time, neonatal morbidity had a significant effect on height and weight trajectories. Birth weight was significant for weight trajectories only. Discussion: With variation in growth trajectories, details of neonatal morbidity in health history interviews will inform child health assessments

The Physics of the B Factories

This work is on the Physics of the B Factories. Part A of this book contains a brief description of the SLAC and KEK B Factories as well as their detectors, BaBar and Belle, and data taking related issues. Part B discusses tools and methods used by the experiments in order to obtain results. The results themselves can be found in Part C

Measurement error of rearfoot kinematics during running between a 100Hz and 30Hz camera

Background:\ud Measurement accuracy is critical for biomechanical gait assessment. Very few studies have determined the accuracy of common clinical rearfoot variables between cameras with different collection frequencies. \ud \ud Research question: \ud What is the measurement error for common rearfoot gait parameters when using a standard 30Hz digital camera compared to 100Hz camera? \ud \ud Type of study: \ud Descriptive. \ud \ud Methods: \ud 100 footfalls were recorded from 10 subjects ( 10 footfalls per subject) running on a treadmill at 2.68m/s. A high-speed digital timer, accurate within 1ms served as an external reference. Markers were placed along the vertical axis of the heel counter and the long axis of the shank. 2D coordinates for the four markers were determined from heel strike to heel lift. Variables of interest included time of heel strike (THS), time of heel lift (THL), time to maximum eversion (TMax), and maximum rearfoot eversion angle (EvMax). \ud \ud Results: \ud THS difference was 29.77ms (+/- 8.77), THL difference was 35.64ms (+/- 6.85), and TMax difference was 16.50ms (+/- 2.54). These temporal values represent a difference equal to 11.9%, 14.3%, and 6.6% of the stance phase of running gait, respectively. EvMax difference was 1.02 degrees (+/- 0.46). \ud \ud Conclusions: \ud A 30Hz camera is accurate, compared to a high-frequency camera, in determining TMax and EvMax during a clinical gait analysis. However, relatively large differences, in excess of 12% of the stance phase of gait, for THS and THL variables were measured

Factors Contribute to the Development and Maintenance of Social Withdrawal: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Social withdrawal (sometimes passive social withdrawal), the voluntary isolation of oneself from others, is becoming an increasingly severe problem for an ever-growing number of people. Although research has demonstrated factors that are associated with this phenomenon, a quantitative synthesis of the evidence is lacking. The current systematic review and meta-analysis examines the strength of the relationship between potential contributors and social withdrawal. It also investigates potential moderators of these relationships (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity, samples/populations, and study designs ). Based on the existing theoretical framework, a three-factor model involving individual, biological, and environmental factors is proposed, and possible contributors (e.g., risk or protective factors) of social withdrawal will be examined. Findings are expected to provide theoretical foundation for social withdrawal, which may inform future development of tailored prevention or interventions that target these respective factors

A meta-analysis of the dark side of the American dream : Evidence for the universal wellness costs of prioritizing extrinsic over intrinsic goals

Self-determination theory holds that the intrinsic and extrinsic content of people’s aspirations differentially affect their wellness. An evidence base spanning nearly 30 years indicates that focusing on intrinsic goals (such as for growth, relationships, community giving, and health) promotes well-being, whereas a focus on extrinsic goals (such as for wealth, fame, and beauty) deters well-being. Yet, the evidence base contains exceptions, and some authors have argued that focusing on extrinsic goals may not be universally detrimental. We conducted a systematic review and used multilevel meta-analytic structural equation modeling to evaluate the links between intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations with indices of well-being and ill-being. Across 92 reports (105 studies), 1,808 effects, and a total sample of N = 70,110, we found that intrinsic aspirations were linked positively with well-being, r = 0.24 [95% CI 0.22, 0.27], and negatively with ill-being, r = −0.11 [−0.14, −0.08]. When the variety of extrinsic aspiration scoring methods were combined, the link with well-being was not statistically significant, r = 0.02 [−0.02, 0.06]. However, when extrinsic aspirations were evaluated in terms of their predominance in the overall pattern of aspiring the effect was universally detrimental, linking negatively to well-being, r = −0.22 [−0.32, −0.11], and positively to ill-being, r = 0.23 [0.17, 0.30]. Meta-analytic conclusions about the associations between goal types and wellness are important because they inform how individuals could shape aspirations to support their own happiness and how groups and institutions can frame goals such that their pursuit is for the common good