Keragaan Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kinerja Penyuluh di Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian

Information of research results is an output and the main asset of the Assessment Institute of AgriculturalTechnology (AIAT). This information of research result needs to be formulated into easily understood information,using the most suitable media before being disseminated to various prospective users. In this respect, professionalswho deal with innovation transfer need to possess adequate knowledge and skills to ensure an efficient and effectiveflow of information from its source to intended audiences. The effort to increase the efficiency and effectiveness ofthe information flow of agricultural research result was the justification to merge the Institute for AgriculturalInformation (IAI) and AIAT. This institutional integration also brought the consequence of the involvement ofextentionists, who were the main professional staff of IAI, into the AIAT working system. After 10 years ofintegration, the increase of efficiency and effectiveness of innovation transfer at AIAT has not resulted as expected.This poor performance of innovation transfer is among others resulted from the unfavourable working condition ofextentionists in fulfilling their role and function within the AIAT working system. The objective of this study was toidentify constraints being faced by AIAT extentionists in fulfilling their role and function at AIAT. Results of thestudy indicated that the capacity of AIAT extentionists was a resultant or a product of existing policies and workingcondition within the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) and AIAT, and at otherrelated agricultural institutions outside the IAARD. In this respect, AIAT extentionists were in agreement with almostall constraints being stated as hypotheses in this study. The AIAT extentionists indicated that their performance was aresultant of internal and external constraints within their working system as follows: (a) professional capacity of AIATextentionists, (b) professional performance of AIAT extentionists, (c) structural problems, (d) working facilities andsupporting administration, (e) external factors. Thus, efforts to increase the performance of AIAT extentionists shouldstart from implementing policies and various activities being needed to alleviate those five constraints mentionedabove.Key words: extentionist, innovation transfer, perceptionInformasi hasil penelitian dan pengkajian merupakan aset intelektual dan keluaran utama dari BPTP (BalaiPengkajian Teknologi Pertanian) yang perlu dikemas ke dalam “bahasa” yang mudah dimengerti sebelumdisampaikan kepada beerbagai khalayak penggunanya. Penyelenggara proses alih teknologi membutuhkanpengetahuan dan keterampilan yang memadai, agar alur teknologi ini dapat mengalir dengan efisien dan efektif darisumbernya kepada berbagai khalayak penggunanya. Hal ini melatarbelakangi pengintegrsian Bali Informasi Pertanianke dalam BPTP, yang juga menbawa konsekuensi masuknya penyuluh, yang merupakan staf fungsional utama di unitkerja eks BIP ke dalam sistem kerja BPTP. Setelah 10 tahun pengintegrasian BIP ke dalam BPTP, ternyatapeningkatan efisiensi dan efektivitas sistem alih inovasi pertanian belum seperti yang diharapkan. Penyebabnya antaralain kurang kondusifnya pelaksanaan tugas pokok dan fungsi penyuluh BPTP. Dengan demikian, perlu adanyaidentifikasi kendala yang dihadapi penyuluh BPTP dalam pelaksanaan tugas pokok dan fungsinya. Tujuan pengkajianini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi kendala yang dihadapi penyuluh BPTP dalam melaksanakan tugas pokok danfungsinya di BPTP. Hasil kajian mendapatkan bahwa potensi/kapasitas penyuluh BPTP merupakan produk atau luarandari kondisi kerja dan kebijakan yang ada, baik kebijakan internal Badan Penelitian dan PengembanganPertanian/BPTP maupun kebijakan instutusi pertanian terkait di luar Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.334Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian Vol. 8, No.3, Nopember 2005 : 333-351Penyuluh mempunyai persepsi setuju dengan hampir semua hipotesis yang merupakan kendala dalam pelaksanaantugas pokok dan fungsinya. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa penyuluh mempunyai persepsi bahwa potensi/kapasitasnya merupakan resultante dari kendala eksternal dan internal di lingkugan kerjanya, yaitu: (a) potensi/kapasitas penyuluh, (b) permasalahan struktural, (c) kinerja fungsional penyuluh, (d) fasilitas kerja dan dukunganadministrasi, dan (e) faktor-faktor eksternal di luar Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian/BPTP. Dengandemikian, upaya peningkatan kinerja penyuluh BPTP perlu didahului dengan implementasi kebijakan dan berbagaikegiatan yang diperlukan dan berkaitan dengan kelima kendala internal dan eksternal tersebut

Socio-Demographic Factors Associate with Fear of Crime in Bangladesh: A Study in Urban Area

Fear of crime is a concerning issue which led to a whole series of behavioral reactions which negatively affect the quality of life in the society. This study examines the public perceptions of the risks and fear of crime in Bangladesh in relation to urban environment. Drawing upon fear of crime literature and collecting primary data this study will enable researchers to explore the nature of the urban fear of crime in Bangladesh and will find association between socio demographic factor and fear of crime by identifying the possible vulnerable time and place of crime victimization; level of safety at the neighborhood and home and identifying factors affecting victim’s level of fear of crime. The subject of this study was composed of 3957 respondent’s selected from 12th city corporations followed by probability sampling method for collecting information from the general peoples who have victimized and have a fear of crime. The study found that fear of crime is found to be higher with the stranger; people seem to be feared while in the dark time after 6 pm. Many factors affect the fear of crime such as lengthy procedure of criminal justice system, news of crime at their locality, news of crossfire and poor neighborhood physical condition have impact on fear of crime. The perceptions gathered through this study will helps to take important measures and strategies to ensure safe livelihood as well as increase the performance of the law enforcement agencies

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Pedagogical memory and the space of the postcolonial classroom : reading Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions

This article addresses issues of the mnemonic space of the literature classroom by interrogating a classic text of African women’s writing, Tsitsi Dangaremnga’s Nervous Conditions (1988) for the ways it speaks about education in 1960s and 1970s late-colonial Rhodesia. The article suggests that the novel reviews and critiques a number of memorial strategies that were crucial to the colonial educational system, thereby facilitating a reflexive application of the novel’s concerns to the contexts in which it is often taught, that of today’s postcolonial classrooms. The article seeks to place Dangarembga’s novel in the context of its present moment, contemporary South Africa – that of the present critic’s site of practice, both pedagogical and scholarly, and that of many of this article’s readers. This present moment, in turn, is made up the many sites, successive and simultaneous, in which the novel’s work of memory is being re-activated in the minds of students as readers and writers. Via a dialogue between the textual past and the pedagogical present, one which is often subject to critical amnesia, the article seeks to inaugurate a debate on the nature of pedagogical memory in the space of the postcolonial university or high school literature classroom.http://www.informaworld.com/RSCRhb2013gv201