Multimodal lung cancer screening using the ITALUNG Biomarker Panel and Low Dose Computed Tomography. Results of the ITALUNG biomarker study

Asymptomatic high-risk subjects, randomized in the intervention arm of the ITALUNG trial (1406 screened for lung cancer), were enrolled for the ITALUNG biomarker study (n = 1356), in which samples of blood and sputum were analysed for plasma DNA quantification (cut off 5ng/ml), loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability. The ITALUNG biomarker panel (IBP) was considered positive if at least one of the two biomarkers included in the panel was positive. Subjects with and without lung cancer diagnosis at the end of the screening cycle with LDCT (n = 517) were evaluated. Out of 18 baseline screen detected lung cancer cases, 17 were IBP positive (94%). Repeat screen-detected lung cancer cases were 18 and 12 of them positive at baseline IBP test (66%). Interval cancer cases (2-years) and biomarker tests after a suspect Non Calcific Nodule follow-up were investigated. The single test versus multimodal screening measures of accuracy were compared in a simulation within the screened ITALUNG intervention arm, considering screen-detected and interval cancer cases. Sensitivity was 90% at baseline screening. Specificity was 71%% and 61% for LDCT and IBP as baseline single test, and improved at 89% with multimodal, combined screening. The positive predictive value was 4.3% for LDCT at baseline and 10.6% for multimodal screening. Multimodal screening could improve the screening efficiency at baseline and strategies for future implementation are discussed. If IBP was used as primary screening test, the LDCT burden might decrease of about 60%

A framework for prioritising present and potentially invasive mammal species for a national list

The European Union (EU) has recently adopted a regulation on invasive alien species that foresees the possibility of developing lists of species of National Concern. We developed a prioritisation process for alien mammals already established in Italy, but not yet included in the EU list (n = 6 species) and a systematic horizon-scanning procedure to obtain ranked lists for those species that are already introduced worldwide or traded in Italy (n = 213). Experts were asked to score these species, by evaluating their likelihood of establishment and spread and the magnitude of their potential impacts on biodiversity, economy, human-health and society. The manageability of each species was also evaluated, both for the proritisation and the horizon-scanning processes. We produced five lists that ranked species according to their potential spread and impacts and their manageability. These will allow policy-makers to select outputs according to a balance between risk assessment and risk management, establishing priorities for alien species management at the national level

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Structured reporting for fibrosing lung disease: a model shared by radiologist and pulmonologist

Objectives: To apply the Delphi exercise with iterative involvement of radiologists and pulmonologists with the aim of defining a structured reporting template for high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of patients with fibrosing lung disease (FLD). Methods: The writing committee selected the HRCT criteria\ue2\u80\u94the Delphi items\ue2\u80\u94for rating from both radiology panelists (RP) and pulmonology panelists (PP). The Delphi items were first rated by RPs as \ue2\u80\u9cessential\ue2\u80\u9d, \ue2\u80\u9coptional\ue2\u80\u9d, or \ue2\u80\u9cnot relevant\ue2\u80\u9d. The items rated \ue2\u80\u9cessential\ue2\u80\u9d by < 80% of the RP were selected for the PP rating. The format of reporting was rated by both RP and PP. Results: A total of 42 RPs and 12 PPs participated to the survey. In both Delphi round 1 and 2, 10/27 (37.7%) items were rated \ue2\u80\u9cessential\ue2\u80\u9d by more than 80% of RP. The remaining 17/27 (63.3%) items were rated by the PP in round 3, with 2/17 items (11.7%) rated \ue2\u80\u9cessential\ue2\u80\u9d by the PP. PP proposed additional items for conclusion domain, which were rated by RPs in the fourth round. Poor consensus was observed for the format of reporting. Conclusions: This study provides a template for structured report of FLD that features essential items as agreed by expert thoracic radiologists and pulmonologists

Fatality rate and predictors of mortality in an Italian cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Clinical features and natural history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) differ widely among different countries and during different phases of the pandemia. Here, we aimed to evaluate the case fatality rate (CFR) and to identify predictors of mortality in a cohort of COVID-19 patients admitted to three hospitals of Northern Italy between March 1 and April 28, 2020. All these patients had a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by molecular methods. During the study period 504/1697 patients died; thus, overall CFR was 29.7%. We looked for predictors of mortality in a subgroup of 486 patients (239 males, 59%; median age 71 years) for whom sufficient clinical data were available at data cut-off. Among the demographic and clinical variables considered, age, a diagnosis of cancer, obesity and current smoking independently predicted mortality. When laboratory data were added to the model in a further subgroup of patients, age, the diagnosis of cancer, and the baseline PaO2/FiO2 ratio were identified as independent predictors of mortality. In conclusion, the CFR of hospitalized patients in Northern Italy during the ascending phase of the COVID-19 pandemic approached 30%. The identification of mortality predictors might contribute to better stratification of individual patient risk

Cost-effective method to perform SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance: detection of Alpha, Gamma, Lambda, Delta, Epsilon, and Zeta in Argentina

SARS-CoV-2 variants with concerning characteristics have emerged since the end of 2020. Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 variants was performed on a total of 4,851 samples from the capital city and 10 provinces of Argentina, during 51 epidemiological weeks (EWs) that covered the end of the first wave and the ongoing second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country (EW 44/2020 to EW 41/2021). The surveillance strategy was mainly based on Sanger sequencing of a Spike coding region that allows the identification of signature mutations associated with variants. In addition, whole-genome sequences were obtained from 637 samples. The main variants found were Gamma and Lambda, and to a lesser extent, Alpha, Zeta, and Epsilon, and more recently, Delta. Whereas, Gamma dominated in different regions of the country, both Gamma and Lambda prevailed in the most populated area, the metropolitan region of Buenos Aires. The lineages that circulated on the first wave were replaced by emergent variants in a term of a few weeks. At the end of the ongoing second wave, Delta began to be detected, replacing Gamma and Lambda. This scenario is consistent with the Latin American variant landscape, so far characterized by a concurrent increase in Delta circulation and a stabilization in the number of cases. The cost-effective surveillance protocol presented here allowed for a rapid response in a resource-limited setting, added information on the expansion of Lambda in South America, and contributed to the implementation of public health measures to control the disease spread in Argentina.Fil: Torres, Carolina. Instituto de Investigaciones En Bacteriologia y Virologia Molecular (ibavim) ; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica ; Universidad de Buenos Aires; . Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mojsiejczuk, Laura Noelia. Instituto de Investigaciones En Bacteriologia y Virologia Molecular (ibavim) ; Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica ; Universidad de Buenos Aires; . Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Acuña, Dolores. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Alexay, Sofía. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Amadio, Ariel Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Aulicino, Paula. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan". Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Retrovirus; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Debat, Humberto Julio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fay, Fabian. CIBIC Laboratorio; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Franco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Giri, Adriana Angelica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET -Rosario. Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Goya, Stephanie. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan". Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Retrovirus; ArgentinaFil: König, Guido Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Lucero, Horacio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Nabaes Jodar, Mercedes Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Pianciola, Luis. Gobierno de la Provincia del Neuquén. Ministerio de Salud. Secretaría de Salud Pública Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Sfalcin, Javier A.. CIBIC Laboratorio; ArgentinaFil: Acevedo, Raúl Maximiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Bengoa Luoni, Sofia Ailin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Bolatti, Elisa Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Brusés, Bettina Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Cacciabue, Marco Polo Domingo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Casal, Pablo Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Cerri, Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Chouhy, Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Dus Santos, María José. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas. Grupo Vinculado Incuinta al IVIT | Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas. Grupo Vinculado Incuinta al IVIT; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham; ArgentinaFil: Eberhardt, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Ailén. Gobierno de la Provincia del Neuquén. Ministerio de Salud. Secretaría de Salud Pública Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Paula del Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Do Porto, Darío Augusto. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Calculo. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Calculo; ArgentinaFil: Formichelli, Laura Belén. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Gismondi, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de Lujan. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas. Laboratorio de Genómica Computacional; Argentina. CIBIC Laboratorio; ArgentinaFil: Irazoqui, José Matías. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea. - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea; ArgentinaFil: Lorenzini Campos, Melina Noelia. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lusso, Silvina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Marquez, Nathalie. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias. Instituto de Patología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz, Marianne. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Mussin, Javier Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Natale, Mónica Inés. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Oria, Griselda Ines. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Pisano, María Belén. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Posner, Victoria Maria. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Acuática; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Puebla, Andrea. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Ré, Viviana Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Virología Dr. J. M. Vanella; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sosa, Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Villanova, Gabriela Vanina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Acuática; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Zaiat, Jonathan Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Zunino, Sebastián. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Zonal General de Agudos Blas Dubarry; Argentina. Gobierno de la Provincia del Neuquén. Ministerio de Salud. Secretaría de Salud Pública Neuquén; ArgentinaFil: Acevedo, María Elina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Acosta, Julián. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; ArgentinaFil: Alvarez Lopez, Cristina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Álvarez, María Laura. Gobierno de la Provincia de Río Negro. Hospital Zonal Doctor Ramón Carrillo; ArgentinaFil: Angeleri, Patricia. Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Angelletti, Andrés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Laboratorio de Salud Pública; Argentina. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal Especializado de Agudos y Crónicos San Juan de Dios; ArgentinaFil: Arca, Manuel. Municipalidad de Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Ríos). Hospital Justo José de Urquiza; ArgentinaFil: Ayala, Natalia A.. Gobierno de la Provincia de Chaco. Ministerio de Salud Publica; ArgentinaFil: Barbas, Maria Gabriela. Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Salud. Secretaría de Prevención y Promoción; ArgentinaFil: Bertone, Ana. Gobierno de la Provincia de La Pampa. Laboratorio de la Dirección de Epidemiología. Santa Rosa; ArgentinaFil: Bonnet, Maria Agustina. Municipalidad de Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Ríos). Hospital Justo José de Urquiza; ArgentinaFil: Bourlot, Ignacio. Gobierno de la Provincia de Entre Ríos. Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Hospital Centenario. Gualeguaychú; ArgentinaFil: Cabassi, María Victoria. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Laboratorio de Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Castello, Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; ArgentinaFil: Castro, Gonzalo. Gobierno de la Provincia de Córdoba. Ministerio de Salud. Laboratorio Central de la Provincia; ArgentinaFil: Cavatorta, Ana Laura. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ceriani, Maria Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Cimmino, Carlos José. Instituto Nacional de Epidemiología Dr. Jara. Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Cipelli, Julián. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Colmeiro, María. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal Especializado de Agudos y Crónicos San Juan de Dios; ArgentinaFil: Cordero, Andrés. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Laboratorio de Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Cristina, Silvia Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Di Bella, Sofia. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal Especializado de Agudos y Crónicos San Juan de Dios; ArgentinaFil: Dolcini, Guillermina Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Ercole, Regina. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal Especializado de Agudos y Crónicos San Juan de Dios; ArgentinaFil: Espasandin, Yesica Romina. Gobierno de la Provincia de Río Negro. Hospital Zonal Doctor Ramón Carrillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Espul, Carlos. Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza. Ministerio de Salud Desarrollo Social y Deportes; ArgentinaFil: Falaschi, Andrea. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal Especializado de Agudos y Crónicos San Juan de Dios; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Moll, Facundo Lucio. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (Sede Junín); ArgentinaFil: Foussal, María Delia. Gobierno de la Provincia de Chaco. Hospital Julio César Perrando; ArgentinaFil: Gatelli, Andrea. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal Especializado de Agudos y Crónicos San Juan de Dios; ArgentinaFil: Goñi, Sandra Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Jofré, María Estela. Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Bolívar; ArgentinaFil: Jaramillo Ortiz, José Manuel. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Zonal General de Agudos Blas Dubarry; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Labarta, Natalia. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Lacaze, María Agustina. Gobierno de la Provincia de San Luis. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Larreche Calahorrano, María Rocío. Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Bolívar; ArgentinaFil: Leiva, Viviana. Laboratorio de Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Levin, Gustavo Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos; ArgentinaFil: Luczak, Erica Natalia. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Interzonal de Agudos Evita; ArgentinaFil: Mandile, Marcelo Gastón. Universidad Nacional de Quilmes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Marino, Gioia. Provincia de Chaco. Hospital Pediátrico Dr. Avelino Castelán; ArgentinaFil: Massone, Carla Antonella. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Zonal General de Agudos Blas Dubarry; ArgentinaFil: Mazzeo, Melina. Gobierno de la Provincia del Neuquen. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Medina, Carla. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez". Laboratorio de Virología; ArgentinaFil: Monaco, Belén. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital Zonal General de Agudos Blas Dubarry; ArgentinaFil: Montoto, Luciana. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños Pedro Elizalde (ex Casa Cuna); ArgentinaFil: Mugna, Viviana. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Ministerio de Salud. Laboratorio Central de la Provincia de Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Musto, Alejandra Beatriz. Laboratorio de Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Nadalich, Victoria. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Laboratorio de Salud Pública; ArgentinaFil: Nieto Farías, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Ojeda, Guillermo. Gobierno de la Provincia de Santa Fe. Ministerio de Salud. Laboratorio Central de la Provincia de Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Piedrabuena, Andrea C.. Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital 4 de junio. Roque Sáenz Peña; ArgentinaFil: Pintos, Carolina. Gobierno de la Provincia del Neuquen. Ministerio de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Pozzati, Marcia. Gobierno de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos Doctor Cosme Argerich; ArgentinaFil: Rahhal, Marilina. Gobierno de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Hospital El Cruce Doctor Néstor Carlos Kirchner. Centro de Medicina Traslacional; ArgentinaFil: Rechimont, Claudia. Laboratorio de la Dirección de Epidemiología; ArgentinaFil: Remes Lenicov, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaci

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Il giornalismo contemporaneo: tra sfide e cambiamenti

La tesi tratta il tema del giornalismo contemporaneo, con un'attenzione particolare al giornalismo locale. Dopo un primo capitolo dedicato a un'analisi economica che spiega come funziona l'economia dei mass media, il secondo e il terzo capitolo analizzano la situazione economica del giornalismo italiano. In particolare, nel secondo capitolo si confrontano le maggiori testate giornalistiche nazionali nel corso degli ultimi trent'anni e si mostra come la diffusione, i ricavi e le vendite dei principali gruppi editoriali italiani siano crollati a partire dal 1990 in contemporanea alla diffusione di Internet. Nell'ultimo capitolo, infine, si confrontano i due principali quotidiani toscani: La Nazione e Il Tirreno, attraverso un confronto storico e politico. In conclusione, l'ultimo capitolo si chiude con un approfondimento sul giornalismo locale e analizza come i piccoli quotidiani italiani si stiano riorganizzando per sopravvivere. The thesis deals with the subject of contemporary journalism, with a focus on local journalism. After a first chapter devoted to an economic analysis explaining how the media economy works, the second and third chapters analyse the economic situation of Italian journalism. In particular, the second chapter compares the major national newspapers over the last thirty years and shows how the circulation, revenues and sales of the main Italian publishing groups have plummeted since 1990 at the same time as the spread of the Internet. Finally, the last chapter compares the two main daily newspapers in Tuscany: La Nazione and Il Tirreno, through a historical and political comparison. The last chapter closes with an in-depth look at local journalism and analyses how small Italian newspapers are reorganising themselves in order to survive