515 research outputs found
Emergent electrodynamics from the Nambu model for spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking
After imposing the Gauss law constraint as an initial condition upon the
Hilbert space of the Nambu model, in all its generic realizations, we recover
QED in the corresponding non-linear gauge A_{\mu}A^{\mu}=n^{2}M^{2}. Our result
is non-perturbative in the parameter M for n^{2}\neq 0 and can be extended to
the n^{2}=0 case. This shows that in the Nambu model, spontaneous Lorentz
symmetry breaking dynamically generates gauge invariance, provided the Gauss
law is imposed as an initial condition. In this way electrodynamics is
recovered, with the photon being realized as the Nambu-Goldstone modes of the
spontaneously broken symmetry, which finally turns out to be non-observableComment: 17 page
Indução de cabos e estabelecimento de células em suspensão de pau rosa (Aniba rosaedora. Ducke), para extração de metabólitos secundários.
Ionised outflows in z 2.4 quasar host galaxies
AGN-driven outflows are invoked by galaxy evolutionary models to quench star
formation and to explain the origin of the relations observed locally between
super massive black holes and their host galaxies. This work aims to detect the
presence of extended ionised outflows in luminous quasars where we expect the
maximum activity both in star formation and in black hole accretion. Currently,
there are only a few studies based on spatially resolved observations of
outflows at high redshift, . We analyse a sample of six luminous () quasars at , observed in H-band using the
near-IR integral field spectrometer SINFONI at VLT. We perform a kinematic
analysis of the [OIII] emission line at . [OIII] has a
complex gas kinematic, with blue-shifted velocities of a few hundreds of km/s
and line widths up to 1500 km/s. Using the spectroastrometric method we infer
size of the ionised outflows of up to 2 kpc. The properties of the
ionised outflows, mass outflow rate, momentum rate and kinetic power, are
correlated with the AGN luminosity. The increase in outflow rate with
increasing AGN luminosity is consistent with the idea that a luminous AGN
pushes away the surrounding gas through fast outflows driven by radiation
pressure, which depends on the emitted luminosity. We derive mass outflow rates
of about 6-700 M/yr for our sample, which are lower than those
observed in molecular outflows. Indeed physical properties of ionised outflows
show dependences on AGN luminosity which are similar to those of molecular
outflows but indicating that the mass of ionised gas is smaller than that of
the molecular one. Alternatively, this discrepancy between ionised and
molecular outflows could be explained with different acceleration mechanisms.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures; accepted for publication in A&
Height-diameter allometry of tropical forest trees
Tropical tree height-diameter (H:D) relationships may vary by forest type and region making large-scale estimates of above-ground biomass subject to bias if they ignore these differences in stem allometry. We have therefore developed a new global tropical forest database consisting of 39 955 concurrent H and D measurements encompassing 283 sites in 22 tropical countries. Utilising this database, our objectives were:
1. to determine if H:D relationships differ by geographic region and forest type (wet to dry forests, including zones of tension where forest and savanna overlap).
2. to ascertain if the H:D relationship is modulated by climate and/or forest structural characteristics (e.g. stand-level basal area, A).
3. to develop H:D allometric equations and evaluate biases to reduce error in future local-to-global estimates of tropical forest biomass.
Annual precipitation coefficient of variation (PV), dry season length (SD), and mean annual air temperature (TA) emerged as key drivers of variation in H:D relationships at the pantropical and region scales. Vegetation structure also played a role with trees in forests of a high A being, on average, taller at any given D. After the effects of environment and forest structure are taken into account, two main regional groups can be identified. Forests in Asia, Africa and the Guyana Shield all have, on average, similar H:D relationships, but with trees in the forests of much of the Amazon Basin and tropical Australia typically being shorter at any given D than their counterparts elsewhere. The region-environment-structure model with the lowest Akaike\u27s information criterion and lowest deviation estimated stand-level H across all plots to within amedian −2.7 to 0.9% of the true value. Some of the plot-to-plot variability in H:D relationships not accounted for by this model could be attributed to variations in soil physical conditions. Other things being equal, trees tend to be more slender in the absence of soil physical constraints, especially at smaller D. Pantropical and continental-level models provided less robust estimates of H, especially when the roles of climate and stand structure in modulating H:D allometry were not simultaneously taken into account
Accretion, ejection and reprocessing in supermassive black holes
This is a White Paper in support of the mission concept of the Large
Observatory for X-ray Timing (LOFT), proposed as a medium-sized ESA mission. We
discuss the potential of LOFT for the study of active galactic nuclei. For a
summary, we refer to the paper.Comment: White Paper in Support of the Mission Concept of the Large
Observatory for X-ray Timin
Involvement of patients or their representatives in quality management functions in EU hospitals:implementation and impact on patient-centred care strategies
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the involvement of patients or their representatives in quality management (QM) functions and to assess associations between levels of involvement and the implementation of patient-centred care strategies. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, multilevel STUDY DESIGN: that surveyed quality managers and department heads and data from an organizational audit. SETTING: Randomly selected hospitals (n = 74) from seven European countries (The Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Turkey). PARTICIPANTS: Hospital quality managers (n = 74) and heads of clinical departments (n = 262) in charge of four patient pathways (acute myocardial infarction, stroke, hip fracture and deliveries) participated in the data collection between May 2011 and February 2012. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four items reflecting essential patient-centred care strategies based on an on-site hospital visit: (1) formal survey seeking views of patients and carers, (2) written policies on patients' rights, (3) patient information literature including guidelines and (4) fact sheets for post-discharge care. The main predictors were patient involvement in QM at the (i) hospital level and (ii) pathway level. RESULTS: Current levels of involving patients and their representatives in QM functions in European hospitals are low at hospital level (mean score 1.6 on a scale of 0 to 5, SD 0.7), but even lower at departmental level (mean 0.6, SD 0.7). We did not detect associations between levels of involving patients and their representatives in QM functions and the implementation of patient-centred care strategies; however, the smallest hospitals were more likely to have implemented patient-centred care strategies. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence that involving patients and their representatives in QM leads to establishing or implementing strategies and procedures that facilitate patient-centred care; however, lack of evidence should not be interpreted as evidence of no effect
The Stern-Gerlach Experiment Revisited
The Stern-Gerlach-Experiment (SGE) of 1922 is a seminal benchmark experiment
of quantum physics providing evidence for several fundamental properties of
quantum systems. Based on today's knowledge we illustrate the different
benchmark results of the SGE for the development of modern quantum physics and
chemistry.
The SGE provided the first direct experimental evidence for angular momentum
quantization in the quantum world and thus also for the existence of
directional quantization of all angular momenta in the process of measurement.
It measured for the first time a ground state property of an atom, it produced
for the first time a `spin-polarized' atomic beam, it almost revealed the
electron spin. The SGE was the first fully successful molecular beam experiment
with high momentum-resolution by beam measurements in vacuum. This technique
provided a new kinematic microscope with which inner atomic or nuclear
properties could be investigated.
The original SGE is described together with early attempts by Einstein,
Ehrenfest, Heisenberg, and others to understand directional quantization in the
SGE. Heisenberg's and Einstein's proposals of an improved multi-stage SGE are
presented. The first realization of these proposals by Stern, Phipps, Frisch
and Segr\`e is described. The set-up suggested by Einstein can be considered an
anticipation of a Rabi-apparatus. Recent theoretical work is mentioned in which
the directional quantization process and possible interference effects of the
two different spin states are investigated.
In full agreement with the results of the new quantum theory directional
quantization appears as a general and universal feature of quantum
measurements. One experimental example for such directional quantization in
scattering processes is shown. Last not least, the early history of the
`almost' discovery of the electron spin in the SGE is revisited.Comment: 50pp, 17 fig
AGN feedback on molecular gas reservoirs in quasars at 2.4
We present new ALMA observations aimed at mapping molecular gas reservoirs through the CO(3-2) transition in three quasars at , LBQS 0109+0213, 2QZ J002830.4-281706, and [HB89] 0329-385. Previous [OIII]5007 observations of these quasars showed evidence for ionised outflows quenching star formation in their host galaxies. Systemic CO(3-2) emission has been detected only in one quasar, LBQS 0109+0213, where the CO(3-2) emission is spatially anti-correlated with the ionised outflow, suggesting that most of the molecular gas may have been dispersed or heated in the region swept by the outflow. In all three sources, including the one detected in CO, our constraints on the molecular gas mass indicate a significantly reduced reservoir compared to main-sequence galaxies at the same redshift, supporting a negative feedback scenario. In the quasar 2QZ J002830.4-281706, we tentatively detect an emission line blob blue-shifted by km/s with respect to the galaxy systemic velocity and spatially offset by 0.2 arcsec (1.7 kpc) with respect to the ALMA continuum peak. Interestingly, such emission feature is coincident in both velocity and space with the ionised outflow as seen in [OIII]5007. This tentative detection must be confirmed with deeper observations but, if real, it could represent the molecular counterpart of the ionised gas outflow driven by the AGN. Finally, in all ALMA maps we detect the presence of serendipitous line emitters within a projected distance kpc from the quasars. By identifying these features with the CO(3-2) transition, the serendipitous line emitters would be located within ||500 km/s from the quasars, hence suggesting an overdensity of galaxies in two out of three quasars
The VVDS type-1 AGN sample: The faint end of the luminosity function
In a previous paper (Gavignaud et al. 2006), we presented the type-1 Active
Galactic Nuclei (AGN) sample obtained from the first epoch data of the
VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS). The sample consists of 130 faint, broad-line AGN
with redshift up to z=5 and 17.5< I <24.0, selected on the basis of their
spectra. In this paper we present the measurement of the Optical Luminosity
Function up to z=3.6 derived from this sample, we compare our results with
previous results from brighter samples both at low and at high redshift. Our
data, more than one magnitude fainter than previous optical surveys, allow us
to constrain the faint part of the luminosity function up to high redshift. By
combining our faint VVDS sample with the large sample of bright AGN extracted
from the SDSS DR3 (Richards et al., 2006b) and testing a number of different
evolutionary models, we find that the model which better represents the
combined luminosity functions, over a wide range of redshift and luminosity, is
a luminosity dependent density evolution (LDDE) model, similar to those derived
from the major X-surveys. Such a parameterization allows the redshift of the
AGN space density peak to change as a function of luminosity and explains the
excess of faint AGN that we find at 1.0< z <1.5. On the basis of this model we
find, for the first time from the analysis of optically selected samples, that
the peak of the AGN space density shifts significantly towards lower redshift
going to lower luminosity objects. This result, already found in a number of
X-ray selected samples of AGN, is consistent with a scenario of "AGN cosmic
downsizing", in which the density of more luminous AGN, possibly associated to
more massive black holes, peaks earlier in the history of the Universe, than
that of low luminosity ones.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, submitted to A&
Quinto ciclo de seleção recorrente na população de milho sintético Elite NT em solos com baixo nível de nitrogênio.
Os programas de melhoramento, de modo geral, têm selecionado sob condições ótimas, mas, esta parece ser a estratégia ideal no desenvolvimento de cultivares para áreas sob estresses. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o quinto ciclo de seleção recorrente na população Sintético Elite NT e efetuar as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos sob duas condições ambientais:com estresse (N-) e sem estresse de nitrogênio (N+). Foram avaliadas em Sete Lagoas-MG, 64 famílias de meios irmãos tendo-se utilizado o delineamento em látice simples 8x8 e uma testemunha intercalar (BR106), selecionada sempre em condiçoes ótimas. Os resultados da análise individual e conjunta de variância mostraram diferenças altamente significativas para tratamento (P<0.001) e para a interação tratamentos x ambientes. A redução de produtividade de N+ para N-foi de 75% para a testemunha intercalar e 62%para as famílias selecionadas. A estimativa da variância genética aditiva no ambiente N- foi 5,5 vezes mais baixa que no ambiente N+ e o coeficiente de herdabilidade ao nível de médias foi 2,5 vezes mais alto que ao nível de plantas individuais. O ganho genético estimado em N-foi de 9,66g/planta enquanto que em N+ foi de 35,03 g/planta. Apesar das estimativas dos parâmetros genéticos serem mais baixas em N-, há suficiente variabilidade genética para continuidade com o programa de melhoramento.Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-06T01:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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