New chlorogenic acid derivatives and triterpenoids from Scorzonera aucheriana

Chromatographic separation of n-hexane and ethyl acetate fraction of a crude methanol extract obtained from aerial parts of the Scorzonera aucheriana DC collected from Sivas province of Turkey yielded nine natural compounds; two new 3-caffeoyl-quinic acid analogs (1-2), one new taraxasterol oleate (3), and six known triterpenoids taraxasterol (4), taraxasterol acetate (5), ptiloepoxide (6), lupeol (7), lupeol acetate (8), and beta-sitosterol (9) were characterized. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of NMR (H-1, C-13, COSY, HMBC, HSQC, and TOCSY), UV, FT-IR and LC-Q-TOF-MS spectrometric data

Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiviral wffects, and apectroscopic characterization of metabolites produced by fusarium oxysporum YP9B

The goal of the work is to determine the bioactive pharmaceutical metabolites produced by the Fusarium oxysporum YP9B isolate. Ten new natural compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the F. oxysporum YP9B strain. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods using 1D and 2D NMR, UV, FT-IR, and mass spectra (LC-QTOF MS and GC-FID/MS). Identified compounds were named as; (1-benzyl-2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (1), 2-oxo-8-azatricyclo[9.3.1.1(3,7)]-hexadeca-1(15),3(16),4,6,11,13-hexaen-10-one (2), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic, hexadecanoic anhydride (3a), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic (9Z)-octadecenoic anhydride (3b), 2,3-dihydroxy-propanoic (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoic anhydride (3c), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic (11Z)-octadecenoic anhydride (4a), 2,3-dihydroxypropanoic, (9E,12E)-octadecadienoic anhydride (4b), 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl hexzadecanoate (5a), 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl (9E)-octadecaenoate (5b), and 3-hydroxy-1,2,6,10-tetramethylundecyl octadecanoate (5c). Antimicrobial activities of the isolates obtained from the YP9B strain were determined. Cytotoxic and antiviral activities were tested for the isolates against VERO, MCF-7, PC-3, and A549. Compounds 5a-c, 1, and 3a-c showed bacteriostatic activity at low concentrations, and 4a-b and 2 were found to be bactericides. MIC and MBC values against Mycobacterium smegmatis for the compounds 5a-c and 1 were determined to be <0.5 mu g/mL and 0.46 mu g/mL, respectively. The experimental result showed that compounds 2, 5a-c and 1 have strong cytotoxic (7.51 +/- 1.38 and 19.13 +/- 0.68 (mu M) IC50) activity. The antiviral activity against HSV type-1 was determined to be 1.25 mu M for compounds 4a-c and 0.312 mu M for compound 1

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Idiosynkratisk momentum och riskhantering : En studie på den svenska aktiemarknaden

In this paper, we present empirical results from the Swedish equity market when testingdifferent strategies aiming at enhancing the performance of a momentum strategy, over a timeperiod from 2000 to 2021. Similar to research conducted on other markets, we find theexistence of a momentum premium on the Swedish equity market, but with a return that is fattailed and negatively skewed. We show that forming momentum portfolios by ranking stockson the residual return instead of total return increases the Sharpe ratio and reduces the excesskurtosis and skewness. Furthermore, managing volatility by scaling the exposure to the twomomentum styles increases performance of both, but most notably for the traditionalmomentum factor. Assessing the high average returns in relation to the high turnover of theportfolios, we find it likely for the net return after accounting for transaction costs to bestatistically significant based on research on factor strategies and limits to arbitrage.Denna uppsats undersöker ett antal momentumstrategier på den svenska aktiemarknaden övertidsperioden åren 2000 till 2021. I linje med tidigare forskning visar vi på enmomentumeffekt, där aktier som presterat bättre (sämre) relativt andra under föregående årtenderar att prestera bättre (sämre) även i kommande månader. Vi visar attmomentumportföljer som rankar aktier utifrån dess idiosynkratiska avkastning underföregående tidsperiod förbättrar den riskjusterade avkastningen i jämförelse med dentraditionella momentumfaktorn. Förbättring visas även i en ökad symmetri med en minskadsannolikhet för extrema negativa utfall, ofta benämnt som ”tail risk” i sammanhanget. Vidareundersöks riskstrategier som låter exponeringen mot faktorportföljerna variera baserat påhistorisk volatilitet och resultatet visar på en förbättring, främst för den traditionellamomentumfaktorn. Baserat på portföljernas höga medelavkastning över tidsperioden och denmånatliga omsättningen finner vi det troligt att den positiva avkastningen förblir statistisktsignifikant efter hänsyn tagits till transaktionskostnader

Idiosynkratisk momentum och riskhantering : En studie på den svenska aktiemarknaden

In this paper, we present empirical results from the Swedish equity market when testingdifferent strategies aiming at enhancing the performance of a momentum strategy, over a timeperiod from 2000 to 2021. Similar to research conducted on other markets, we find theexistence of a momentum premium on the Swedish equity market, but with a return that is fattailed and negatively skewed. We show that forming momentum portfolios by ranking stockson the residual return instead of total return increases the Sharpe ratio and reduces the excesskurtosis and skewness. Furthermore, managing volatility by scaling the exposure to the twomomentum styles increases performance of both, but most notably for the traditionalmomentum factor. Assessing the high average returns in relation to the high turnover of theportfolios, we find it likely for the net return after accounting for transaction costs to bestatistically significant based on research on factor strategies and limits to arbitrage.Denna uppsats undersöker ett antal momentumstrategier på den svenska aktiemarknaden övertidsperioden åren 2000 till 2021. I linje med tidigare forskning visar vi på enmomentumeffekt, där aktier som presterat bättre (sämre) relativt andra under föregående årtenderar att prestera bättre (sämre) även i kommande månader. Vi visar attmomentumportföljer som rankar aktier utifrån dess idiosynkratiska avkastning underföregående tidsperiod förbättrar den riskjusterade avkastningen i jämförelse med dentraditionella momentumfaktorn. Förbättring visas även i en ökad symmetri med en minskadsannolikhet för extrema negativa utfall, ofta benämnt som ”tail risk” i sammanhanget. Vidareundersöks riskstrategier som låter exponeringen mot faktorportföljerna variera baserat påhistorisk volatilitet och resultatet visar på en förbättring, främst för den traditionellamomentumfaktorn. Baserat på portföljernas höga medelavkastning över tidsperioden och denmånatliga omsättningen finner vi det troligt att den positiva avkastningen förblir statistisktsignifikant efter hänsyn tagits till transaktionskostnader

Three new dihydroisocoumarin glycosides with antimicrobial activities from Scorzonera aucheriana

Three new dihydroisocoumarin glycosides (iso-scorzopygmaecoside, scorzoaucherioside I, and scorzoaucherioside II) together with five known compounds (scorzopygmaecoside, scorzocreticoside II, 3,5-O-dicaffeoyl-epiquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl caffeate) were isolated from the aerial parts of the Scorzonera aucheriana collected from Sivas province in Turkey. The isolated compounds' structures were elucidated based on NMR (1H, 13C/APT, COSY, HMBC, HSQC, and TOCSY), UV, FT-IR, and LC-QTOF-MS data. These compounds have been isolated for the first time from S. aucheriana. An antimicrobial assay against ten microorganisms was applied to all isolated compounds. Iso-scorzopygmaecoside, scorzoaucherioside I, and 3,4dihydroxyphenyl caffeate showed notable anti-pseudomonal activity. Iso-scorzopygmaecoside and scorzoaucherioside II exhibited strong activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with MIC values of 25.6 mu g/mL and 21.2 mu g/mL, respectively.Karadeniz Technical University KTU-BAP 813

Volatile and phenolic contents, antimicrobial and tyrosinase activities of two endemic species scorzonera pisidica and scorzonera sandrasica L. Grown in Turkey

Phytochemical analysis of two endemic Scorzonera pisidica Hub.-Mor. and Scorzonera sandrasica Hartvig & Strid species have not been mentioned before. In this work, volatile organic compounds, phenolic contents, antimicrobial, and tyrosinase inhibition activities of two endemic S. pisidica and S. sandrasica grown in Turkey were investigated. Aldehydes were the primary chemical class for the volatile organic compounds in the essential oils (EOs, 49.5%, and 44.9%) and SPME (85.8% and 56.9%) of S. pisidica and S. sandrasica, and aromatic compounds were the main class for the SPME of the n-hexane extracts of S. pisidica (86.9%) and S. sandrasica (86.3%), respectively. The phenolic constituent analysis for the methanol extract of S. pisidica and S. sandrasica gave gallic acid (6.33 mg/g and 2.63 mg/g) as the primary compound. The antimicrobial activity of the EOs and solvent extract (methanol and n-hexane) of S. pisidica and S. sandrasica were tested against nine microorganisms. Furthermore, the inhibitory potential for the methanol extract of the S. pisidica and S. sandrasica showed tyrosinase activity, and IC50 values were found as 0.495 +/- 0073 mu g/mL and 0.699 +/- 0.86 mu g/mL, respectively.Karadeniz Technical University TYL2017-671

Volatile constituents and antimicrobial activity of vinca major l. Subsp. hirsuta (boiss) stearn grown in turkey

In this study, volatile compounds (VCs) in the essential oil (EO), SPME and SPME of n-hexane extract of Vinca major subsp. hirsuta (Boiss.) Stearn were analyzed by GC-FID/MS instrument. A total of 32, 38, and 26 compounds with in the 98.5%, 98.6%, and 98.6% were identified, respectively. As a result of VCs study, (Z)-3-hexenol (36.8%) in the EO, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (31,5%) in the SPME, and phenylethyl alcohol (32.8 %) in the SPME of n-hexane extract of V. major subsp. hirsuta were found to be major compounds. Sesquiterpenes (20.6%, and 11.5%) for the HD and SPME, monoterpenes (18.6%) for the SPME of n-hexane extract of V. major subsp. hirsuta were found as the main groups among the terpenic compounds, respectively. Then, the antimicrobial activity of the EO and the solvent extracts (n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol, and water) of V. major subs. hirsuta against 3 gram negative, 3 gram positive, 1 tuberculosis and 2 fungus were screened. The EO showed the only activity against the Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC607 (MIC, 152 µg/mL) and Candida albicans ATCC60193 (MIC, 38 µg/mL). The n-hexane extract did not show any activity against all tested microorganisms. The best antimicrobial activity for the acetonitrile, methanol, and water extracts were observed against M. smegmatis with 69 µg/mL, 609 µg/mL, and 437 µg/mL MIC values, respectively. None of the extracts were found to be active to Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae RSKK 251