La construcción de la identidad p’urhepechas a partir de la educación intercultural bilingüe propia

El proyecto “T’arhexperakua – Creciendo juntos” surge en dos escuelas p’urhepechas de la Meseta Tarasco en el centro-oeste mexicano como iniciativa de un equipo de maestras y maestros indígenas en 1995. Dada la alta vitalidad etnolingüística en la zona, los niños llegan prácticamente monolingües a la escuela. El programa tradicional de “castellanización” había arrojado pésimos resultados, como en las demás escuelas de la región. Los docentes se convencieron a través de su práctica que, en las condiciones imperantes, no era posible enseñar las matemáticas, la lectura y escritura, junto con las demás asignaturas, en una lengua que sus alumnos no conocían. A diferencia de otras escuelas, sin embargo, transformaron su experiencia en acción de cambio. Tomaron la decisión audaz de enseñar todas las asignaturas en p’urhepecha para que los alumnos entendieran bien lo que aprendían, para que lo aprendieran mejor y con mayor participación. En 1999 llegó un equipo de investigación para conocer el proyecto. Por invitación del colegiado docente indígena, realizó un estudio sobre el proyecto escolar y continuó después a desarrollar una larga colaboración con las escuelas en la elaboración de un modelo escolar propio. El presente texto describe el currículo y sus componentes, como también el proceso de planificación curricular. Toma como ejemplo dos clases para demostrar su funcionamiento; una clase en p’urhepecha tematiza la cosmovisión de su territorio, el cerro y sus bosques, y de la defensa del territorio ancestral. La otra clase en p’urhepecha activa su rica morfología con sus clasificadores de forma y tamaño para enseñar la fracción en una clase de matemáticas. La observación de clase muestra de qué manera los docentes desarrollan una política lingüística e identitaria en torno a la presencia y funcionalidad de su lengua en el lugar de prestigio que es la escuela

Assessment of oral bioaccessibility of arsenic in playground soil in Madrid (Spain): A three-method comparison and implications for risk assessment

Three methodologies to assess As bioaccessibility were evaluated using playgroundsoil collected from 16 playgrounds in Madrid, Spain: two (Simplified Bioaccessibility Extraction Test: SBET, and hydrochloric acid-extraction: HCl) assess gastric-only bioaccessibility and the third (Physiologically Based Extraction Test: PBET) evaluates mouth–gastric–intestinal bioaccessibility. Aqua regia-extractable (pseudo total) As contents, which are routinely employed in riskassessments, were used as the reference to establish the following percentages of bioaccessibility: SBET – 63.1; HCl – 51.8; PBET – 41.6, the highest values associated with the gastric-only extractions. For Madridplaygroundsoils – characterised by a very uniform, weakly alkaline pH, and low Fe oxide and organic matter contents – the statistical analysis of the results indicates that, in contrast with other studies, the highest percentage of As in the samples was bound to carbonates and/or present as calcium arsenate. As opposed to the As bound to Fe oxides, this As is readily released in the gastric environment as the carbonate matrix is decomposed and calcium arsenate is dissolved, but some of it is subsequently sequestered in unavailable forms as the pH is raised to 5.5 to mimic intestinal conditions. The HCl extraction can be used as a simple and reliable (i.e. low residual standard error) proxy for the more expensive, time consuming, and error-prone PBET methodology. The HCl method would essentially halve the estimate of carcinogenic risk for children playing in Madridplaygroundsoils, providing a more representative value of associated risk than the pseudo-total concentrations used at presen

Dengue and Chikungunya Coinfection – The Emergence of an Underestimated Threat

Both Dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses can be transmitted by Aedes mosquito species and the diseases that they cause have several clinical symptoms in common. Co-circulation of DENV and CHIKV is increasing around the world and must therefore be considered as an emerging threat with an important public health concern. At present, very little is known about the clinical manifestations and biological consequences of coinfection by both viruses. Thus, numerous questions such as clinical severity and dynamics of viral replication of DENV and CHIKV coinfections, as well as vectorial competence, have yet to be addressed in this important and challenging research area. The ensuring knowledge will enhance the clinical surveillance and the development of diagnostic tools able to differentiate DENV and CHIKV in order to early detect virus invasion and local transmission, as well as to improve patient care and timely control measures. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on DENV and CHIKV coinfections. We also discuss research perspectives and challenges in order to further understand the ecology and biology of this phenomenon

Uandakurhintskua. P’urhepecha teachers and their linguistic biographies: from trauma at school to the making of an alternative model of education

En sus entrevistas autobiográficas, analizadas con la metodología de la “entrevista autobiográfica narrativa” (Fritz Schütze), las maestras y maestros p’urhepechas del proyecto escolar “T’arhexperakua-Creciendo Juntos” de Michoacán, México, construyen en retrospectiva un contraste entre su propia experiencia escolar, traumática y profundamente insatisfactoria, y su práctica profesional de equipo, donde intentan ofrecerle una alternativa más pertinente y feliz a sus alumnos. Los docentes narran su propia experiencia de primaria indígena, donde no lograron aprender bien la “otra” lengua ni los contenidos escolares previstos. Recién en su formación como maestros se tornaron bilingües y adquirieron un orgullo por su identidad étnica. Movilizando el enorme potencial de la cultura y lengua propias, construyeron un currículo en educación intercultural bilingüe en más de veinte años de experiencia colectiva. El estudio aporta una introspección valiosa en la motivación y conciencia etnolingüística profesional de un equipo de docentes que comparten un proyecto escolar reconocido nacional e internacionalmente.In their narrative autobiographical interviews (Fritz Schütze), the P’urhepecha teachers of the “T’arhexperakua-Growing together” school project in central Mexico construe in retrospect a clear contrast between their own traumatic school experience as pupils based on “Spanish only” instruction, and their professional practice today. Then they did not get an opportunity of learning the “other language” nor the relevant content matters. It was only during their teacher training that they became truly bilingual and developed an ethnic consciousness. Now, they want to offer a better alternative to their indigenous pupils. Mobilizing the enormous potential of their own culture and P’urhepecha as a language of identity and instruction, they have developed a truly intercultural bilingual programme based on mother tongue education over a timespan of twenty years. The study offers a valuable insight into the motivation and the professional ethnolinguistic consciousness of a team whose school project is well respected in Mexico and abroad.Fil: Hamel, Rainer Enrique. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; MéxicoFil: Hecht, Ana Carolina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación. Dirección Nacional de Cultura y Museos. Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Pensamiento Latinoamericano; ArgentinaFil: Erape Baltazar, Ana Elena. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; MéxicoFil: Márquez Escamilla, Helmith Betzabé. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; Méxic

Language in international business: a review and agenda for future research

A fast growing number of studies demonstrates that language diversity influences almost all management decisions in modern multinational corporations. Whereas no doubt remains about the practical importance of language, the empirical investigation and theoretical conceptualization of its complex and multifaceted effects still presents a substantial challenge. To summarize and evaluate the current state of the literature in a coherent picture informing future research, we systematically review 264 articles on language in international business. We scrutinize the geographic distributions of data, evaluate the field’s achievements to date in terms of theories and methodologies, and summarize core findings by individual, group, firm, and country levels of analysis. For each of these dimensions, we then put forward a future research agenda. We encourage scholars to transcend disciplinary boundaries and to draw on, integrate, and test a variety of theories from disciplines such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to gain a more profound understanding of language in international business. We advocate more multi-level studies and cross-national research collaborations and suggest greater attention to potential new data sources and means of analysis

Direitos, Políticas e Línguas: divergências e convergências na/da/para educação de surdos

Resumo: Neste artigo, tomando como base o fato de a educação ser um fenômeno complexo e diverso, refletimos sobre o campo dos direitos humanos e dos direitos humanos linguísticos em relação à educação de surdos. Observamos certas convergências e divergências decorrentes do encontro dos direitos, das políticas e das línguas na proposição e construção de um processo educacional que reconheça e valorize a singularidade linguística e cultural de seu público. E, também, assumimos uma visão crítica em relação às perspectivas maniqueístas que têm gerado ilusões no campo da educação de surdos, as quais têm invisibilizado sua complexidade, generalizado suas particularidades e reduzido sua amplitude. Vimos a centralidade da questão linguística para os surdos, já que todos os direitos humanos estão, sem dúvidas, atrelados à língua e, portanto, os direitos humanos linguísticos constituem-se como basilares ao gozo dos direitos civis, sociais, políticos, econômicos e culturais. Enfim, a educação de surdos existe em meio às diferenças que a caracterizam, às línguas que a especificam e às convergências e divergências que a (trans)formam

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI