Efecto del tratamiento con praziquantel sobre la actividad de la fosfatasa alcalina, fosfatasa acida, superoxido dismutasa en extractos crudos y productos de excreción-secreción de gusanos de Schistosoma mansoni:Praziquantel y enzimas de Schistosoma mansoni

Venezuela is among South American countries affected by schistosomiasis and chemotherapy with praziquantel (PZQ) is the main control strategy. We determined the quantitative effect of treatment with PZQ on alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in soluble antigens of worms (SWAP) and excretion-secretion products (EEP) of male and female worms (SMWAPc, SFWAPc, ESPWMc and ESPWHc) or incubated with PZQ in vitro (SMWAPPZQ, SFWAPPZQ, ESPWMPZQ and ESPWHPZQ). Total proteins were determined by colorimetry, SOD and ACP by spectrophotometry and fluorometry ALP. There was higher protein concentration in the untreated worms EG, and the preparations obtained after incubation with PZQ in vitro, in the EG, an increase in ACP activity in the EG and PG prepared with non-treated worms and a decrease of such activity on the EG and treated PG. On the other hand, SOD activity, the EG showed statistical significance in the treated worms. In the PG showed the same behavior, but those differences were not statistically significant. Similarly, there was a decrease in the concentration of ALP noticeable in the EG and worm PGh treated worms relative to untreated statistically significant. In conclusion, we observed a decrease in total protein, ACP and SOD enzyme activities and concentration of ALP, and EG in PG treated worms

Estudio mineralógico de los sedimentos de la Laguna de El Hito (Cuenca)

Trabajo presentado en la XXXVII Reunión de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía (SEM)celebrada en Madrid (España) el día 12 de Julio de 2018, en la Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas de la Universidad Complutense de MadridPeer reviewe

Os jovens estão indo embora Juventude rural e a construção de um ator político

Pretendemos, com este livro, apresentar os resultados mais relevantes desta pesquisa a partir da questão de como a categoria juventude rural está organizada nos movimentos sociais rurais hoje. Os capítulos se desdobram da seguinte forma: Introdução, que apresenta como a pesquisa foi realizada. Capítulo 1 – Vencendo a invisibilidade, que mostra o ponto de partida para o debate sobre juventude rural e quais as questões que nortearam a investigação sobre o tema. Capítulo 2 – O perfil dos jovens dos movimentos sociais rurais. Em foco, a diversidade, que expõe os resultados da pesquisa quantitativa em diálogo com as reflexões etnográficas. Capítulo 3 - O peso das subalternidades. Antigas e novas questões: gênero e diversidade sexual, que debate a questão das desigualdades de gênero vivenciadas pelas jovens, bem como a situação específica da invisibilidade da diversidade sexual nos movimentos. Capítulo 4 – Juventude rural: a construção de um ator político, que trata do processo organizativo da juventude rural em busca de sua legitimação política à luz do recorte geracional. Conclusão – Os desafios no processo de construção de um ator político, em que recuperamos temas que alinhavaram o estudo, para observar quem são os jovens que hoje se apresentam como a juventude organizada nos movimentos sociais rurais e quais têm sido os principais desafios na construção desse ator político

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Outcomes from elective colorectal cancer surgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

This study aimed to describe the change in surgical practice and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on mortality after surgical resection of colorectal cancer during the initial phases of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication

CARB-ES-19 Multicenter Study of Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli From All Spanish Provinces Reveals Interregional Spread of High-Risk Clones Such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

ObjectivesCARB-ES-19 is a comprehensive, multicenter, nationwide study integrating whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CP-Kpn) and E. coli (CP-Eco) to determine their incidence, geographical distribution, phylogeny, and resistance mechanisms in Spain.MethodsIn total, 71 hospitals, representing all 50 Spanish provinces, collected the first 10 isolates per hospital (February to May 2019); CPE isolates were first identified according to EUCAST (meropenem MIC &gt; 0.12 mg/L with immunochromatography, colorimetric tests, carbapenem inactivation, or carbapenem hydrolysis with MALDI-TOF). Prevalence and incidence were calculated according to population denominators. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution method (EUCAST). All 403 isolates collected were sequenced for high-resolution single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST), and resistome analysis.ResultsIn total, 377 (93.5%) CP-Kpn and 26 (6.5%) CP-Eco isolates were collected from 62 (87.3%) hospitals in 46 (92%) provinces. CP-Kpn was more prevalent in the blood (5.8%, 50/853) than in the urine (1.4%, 201/14,464). The cumulative incidence for both CP-Kpn and CP-Eco was 0.05 per 100 admitted patients. The main carbapenemase genes identified in CP-Kpn were blaOXA–48 (263/377), blaKPC–3 (62/377), blaVIM–1 (28/377), and blaNDM–1 (12/377). All isolates were susceptible to at least two antibiotics. Interregional dissemination of eight high-risk CP-Kpn clones was detected, mainly ST307/OXA-48 (16.4%), ST11/OXA-48 (16.4%), and ST512-ST258/KPC (13.8%). ST512/KPC and ST15/OXA-48 were the most frequent bacteremia-causative clones. The average number of acquired resistance genes was higher in CP-Kpn (7.9) than in CP-Eco (5.5).ConclusionThis study serves as a first step toward WGS integration in the surveillance of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in Spain. We detected important epidemiological changes, including increased CP-Kpn and CP-Eco prevalence and incidence compared to previous studies, wide interregional dissemination, and increased dissemination of high-risk clones, such as ST307/OXA-48 and ST512/KPC-3

Anales del III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad "Debate en torno a la nueva agenda urbana"

Acta de congresoEl III Congreso Internacional de Vivienda y Ciudad “Debates en torno a la NUEVa Agenda Urbana”, ha sido una apuesta de alto compromiso por acercar los debates centrales y urgentes que tensionan el pleno ejercicio del derecho a la ciudad. Para ello las instituciones organizadoras (INVIHAB –Instituto de Investigación de Vivienda y Hábitat y MGyDH-Maestría en Gestión y Desarrollo Habitacional-1), hemos convidado un espacio que se concretó con potencia en un debate transdisciplinario. Convocó a intelectuales de prestigio internacional, investigadores, académicos y gestores estatales, y en una metodología de innovación articuló las voces académicas con las de las organizaciones sociales y/o barriales en el Foro de las Organizaciones Sociales que tuvo su espacio propio para dar voz a quienes están trabajando en los desafíos para garantizar los derechos a la vivienda y los bienes urbanos en nuestras ciudades del Siglo XXI

Influence of the pretreatment in the cation exchange capacity and surface properties of absorbent clays

trabajo presentado a la XVI International Clay Conference (ICC), celebrada en Granada (España) del 17 al 21 de julio de 2017.Sepiolite, palygorskite, and smectites are special clays bellonging to the group of adsorbent minerals, and their industrial applications in this field are related to the physical-chemical properties, mainly to the surface properties and the cation exchange capacity. These properties vary among samples from different deposits, similar to most industrial minerals, and their description and comparison is a common topic in studies of these special clays. For instance, the specific surface area of sepiolite may vary from 77 m2 g-1 to 399 m2 g-1, as shown in a comparative study of sepiolites from 22 localities around the world [1]. The presence of impurities, the variation in the crystal-chemistry, and the texture may influence greatly these properties; however, there are also differences for samples from a same deposit because the conditions of study, mainly the pre-treatment of the sample, may be very different. In this study we compare the results obtained from a) sample with its original texture, in grains of ~4 mm, b) ground sample in manual agate mortar, c) ground sample by mechanical grinding, and d) re-sedimented sample. The studied samples are i) two smectites, a trioctahedral smectite from the Tajo Basin (Spain) and a dioctahedral Na-smectite from Wyoming (U.S.A.), ii) two sepiolites, from Tajo Basin (Spain) and from Polattli area (Turkey), and iii) a palygorskite from Attapulgus (U.S.A.). The mineralogical composition from X-Ray diffraction, textural features from scanning electron microscopy, the surface properties from the adsorption of N2 isotherms and the cations exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations were studied. The X-Ray diffraction patterns of samples b and c show that mechanical grinding produces a loss of crystallinity with partial amorphization of the sample as can be deduced by the diminution off the diffraction peaks of the clay mineral and the small elevation of the background in the central zone of the pattern. The results obtained show a variation in all properties for each sample that may be very large; for instance Wyoming smectite displays a four-fold increase of the specific surface area (BET) after mechanical grinding. The variations are different for the different minerals, and the highest values of BET and total volume of pores was obtained either for natural, powdered or re-sedimented samples. However, there is a general increase of microporosity accessible to N2 in all samples when they are ground mechanically, with the exception of the sepiolite from Polattli in which the textural microporosity of natural sample is probably high. When only the manual and mechanical grinding were compared, all samples displayed higher microporous area and micropore volume after mechanical grinding. The cation exchange capacity is also higher for samples ground by the mechanical procedure with the exception, of the Wyoming smectite in which the CEC is higher for the sample ground in the agate mortar. The X-Ray patterns show that this sample has higher crystal order than its counterpart ground mechanically. The increase of of CEC and the amount exchangeable Mg2+ obtained after grinding might be related with partial dissolution of the octahedral Mg. The change of the natural texture by grinding or suspension and sedimentation affects to the surface properties in different ways depending on the meso and macroporosity. In general, more extensive grinding causes an increase of the microporosity and the CEC.Peer reviewe