Estilos cognitivo y de aprendizaje y su relación con el logro académico de estudiantes de noveno grado en el Gimnasio Vermont Bogotá, con una mirada desde la coeducación con perspectiva de género

130 Páginas.La presente investigación surge de la necesidad de aportar evidencia empírica al Gimnasio Vermont, frente a su modelo de coeducación con perspectiva de género (educación diferenciada), el cual consiste en separar a los estudiantes por género durante las clases. El Gimnasio Vermont ha sido clasificado en nivel muy superior en el listado de todas las instituciones de educación media en el país de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos en las pruebas ICFES. Se identificó como una problemática que el manejo de género ha sido intuitivo y se da por las condiciones de separación en el aula, pero no por una planeación dirigida a hombres o mujeres específicamente. A partir de la observación de la situación antes descrita y con base en la revisión bibliográfica pertinente, se encontró que una posible forma de analizar las diferencias por género respecto del aprendizaje es por la identificación de los estilos cognitivos y de aprendizaje que cada individuo privilegia (Hederich y Camargo, 2001). El contexto anterior permitió formular la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Cómo se relacionan los estilos cognitivo y de aprendizaje con el logro académico de estudiantes de noveno grado en el Gimnasio Vermont Bogotá, con una mirada desde la coeducación con perspectiva de género? Para responder a la pregunta de investigación se diseñó un estudio transversal, desde un enfoque cuantitativo y alcance descriptivo aplicando el cuestionario Honey- Alonso para Estilos de Aprendizaje (CHAEA) y el test de figuras enmascaradas (EFT) para estilos cognitivos, a 38 hombres y 58 mujeres del grado noven

Interpoladores determinísticos espacio-temporales, series de tiempo y análisis de datos funcionales para el estudio y predicción de la precipitación en Cundinamarca y Bogotá D.C. 2017-2020

In this research was used a methodology for the study and prediction of the precipitation in Cundinamarca and Bogota DC, Colombia, from 133 records of  meteorological stations of the IDEAM (Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies), between January 2010 and December 2016 with a monthly frequency, it was used spatial-temporal deterministic interpolators, time series and functional data analysis, as an alternative to the most common numerical and geostatistical models. Space-time predictions are then obtained for total monthly precipitation in the years 2017 to 2020 (48 months), also incorporating time series, as a complement to the interpolation process. Additionally, the functional data analysis allows to obtain data on the speed and acceleration of precipitation, which together with the predictions made become fundamental tool as an input in planning, territorial ordering and risk management and prevention.En este trabajo se abordó una metodología para el estudio y la predicción de la precipitación en Cundinamarca y Bogotá D.C. a partir de registros de 133 estaciones meteorológicas del IDEAM (Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales), comprendidos entre enero del 2010 y diciembre del 2016 con una periodicidad mensual, utilizando interpoladores determinísticos espaciotemporales, series de tiempo y análisis de datos funcionales como alternativa a los modelos numéricos y geoestadísticos más comunes. Se obtienen entonces predicciones de precipitación total mensual entre 2017 y 2020 (48 meses), incorporando series de tiempo como un complemento al proceso de interpolación; adicionalmente, el análisis de datos funcionales permite obtener datos de velocidad y aceleración de la precipitación, los cuales, junto con las predicciones realizadas, se convierten en una herramienta fundamental como insumo en la planeación, el ordenamiento territorial y la gestión y prevención del riesgo

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950-2019 : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Accurate and up-to-date assessment of demographic metrics is crucial for understanding a wide range of social, economic, and public health issues that affect populations worldwide. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 produced updated and comprehensive demographic assessments of the key indicators of fertility, mortality, migration, and population for 204 countries and territories and selected subnational locations from 1950 to 2019. Methods: 8078 country-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 938 surveys, 349 censuses, and 238 other sources were identified and used to estimate age-specific fertility. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate age-specific fertility rates for 5-year age groups between ages 15 and 49 years. With extensions to age groups 10–14 and 50–54 years, the total fertility rate (TFR) was then aggregated using the estimated age-specific fertility between ages 10 and 54 years. 7417 sources were used for under-5 mortality estimation and 7355 for adult mortality. ST-GPR was used to synthesise data sources after correction for known biases. Adult mortality was measured as the probability of death between ages 15 and 60 years based on vital registration, sample registration, and sibling histories, and was also estimated using ST-GPR. HIV-free life tables were then estimated using estimates of under-5 and adult mortality rates using a relational model life table system created for GBD, which closely tracks observed age-specific mortality rates from complete vital registration when available. Independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated by an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance and other sources were incorporated into the estimates in countries with large epidemics. Annual and single-year age estimates of net migration and population for each country and territory were generated using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model that analysed estimated age-specific fertility and mortality rates along with 1250 censuses and 747 population registry years. We classified location-years into seven categories on the basis of the natural rate of increase in population (calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate) and the net migration rate. We computed healthy life expectancy (HALE) using years lived with disability (YLDs) per capita, life tables, and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty was propagated throughout the demographic estimation process, including fertility, mortality, and population, with 1000 draw-level estimates produced for each metric. Findings: The global TFR decreased from 2·72 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·66–2·79) in 2000 to 2·31 (2·17–2·46) in 2019. Global annual livebirths increased from 134·5 million (131·5–137·8) in 2000 to a peak of 139·6 million (133·0–146·9) in 2016. Global livebirths then declined to 135·3 million (127·2–144·1) in 2019. Of the 204 countries and territories included in this study, in 2019, 102 had a TFR lower than 2·1, which is considered a good approximation of replacement-level fertility. All countries in sub-Saharan Africa had TFRs above replacement level in 2019 and accounted for 27·1% (95% UI 26·4–27·8) of global livebirths. Global life expectancy at birth increased from 67·2 years (95% UI 66·8–67·6) in 2000 to 73·5 years (72·8–74·3) in 2019. The total number of deaths increased from 50·7 million (49·5–51·9) in 2000 to 56·5 million (53·7–59·2) in 2019. Under-5 deaths declined from 9·6 million (9·1–10·3) in 2000 to 5·0 million (4·3–6·0) in 2019. Global population increased by 25·7%, from 6·2 billion (6·0–6·3) in 2000 to 7·7 billion (7·5–8·0) in 2019. In 2019, 34 countries had negative natural rates of increase; in 17 of these, the population declined because immigration was not sufficient to counteract the negative rate of decline. Globally, HALE increased from 58·6 years (56·1–60·8) in 2000 to 63·5 years (60·8–66·1) in 2019. HALE increased in 202 of 204 countries and territories between 2000 and 2019

Measuring the Economic Impact of Farmers’ Markets on Local Economies in the Basque Country

Farmers’ markets are a traditional exchange space for local peasants, around which alternative agri-food networks (AFNs) are being built on a local scale. These AFNs seek to establish quality and trust-based equitable relationships within value chains. The main objective of this paper is to measure the economic impact of 10 farmers’ markets on the local economy in the Basque province of Gipuzkoa (Northern Spain). To calculate the degree of impact, we use the tools of input-output analysis, adapting the SEED & NEED & FEED (Sticky Economic Evaluation Device & Neighborhood Exchange Evaluation Device & Food Environment Evaluation Device) approach to the specific context of the Basque Country. The results obtained give an economic value of the impact of these marketing spaces, including direct and indirect effects on other economic sectors. Furthermore, the results show that markets present other factors, not just economic, that add value for both producers and consumers, as well as for the local economy

Creación de plan y estudio de mercadeo, para una empresa que tenga como actividad principal la implementancipon de sistemas pos (point of sale)

64p.El Sistema de Punto de Venta, también conocido como Sistema POS (Point of Sale) es un sistema electrónico ampliamente usado en el comercio. Su función principal es llevar un control de la venta de productos, el inventario y el comportamiento de compra del cliente. Permite a los titulares mejorar la eficiencia de la gestión y se considera imprescindible en el sector del comercio moderno. Se realiza una investigación de mercado referente a los sistemas antes mencionados, los cuales son utilizados en restaurante, bares y ferreterías entre otras, empresas que necesitan sistemas automatizados de inventario. La problemática a tratar se enfoca en que, en la mayoría de los casos, las compañías que realizan el software para sistemas POS, no prestan el servicio de venta, diseño, instalación y mantenimiento del hardware requerido, lo cual ocasiona que los usuarios tengan que ejecutar por separado los tramites de compra de equipos, que conlleva costos mucho más altos

Elements of financial valuation in small and medium Colombian companies

El presente Artículo, tuvo como objetivo determinar los elementos de valoración financiera en pequeñas y medianas empresas Colombianas. Se sustentó en Porter (1985), Porter, y Kramer (2011) y ACCID (2009), entre otros. La investigación es de tipo descriptiva, no experimental, de campo. Se aplicó una entrevista estructurada. Sus resultados fueron que la mayoría de empresas valoradas por cualquiera de los métodos arroja valores sorprendentes, las metodologías incorporan al procedimiento el potencial de la empresa generando utilidades en el futuro a través del flujo de caja a perpetuidad, como también el valor de mercado de sus activos.The purpose of this article was to determine the elements of financial valuation in small and medium-sized Colombian companies. It was based on Porter (1985), Porter, y Kramer (2011) y ACCID (2009), among others. The research is descriptive, not experimental, field. A structured interview was applied. Its results were that most companies valued by any of the methods yields surprising values, methodologies incorporate the potential of the company in the future by generating future profits through cash flow in perpetuity, as well as the market value of its assets

A rank approach for studying cross-currency bases and the covered interest rate parity

We use the recently developed panel rank-cointegration test proposed by Pedroni et al. [2015] to check for the stability conditions of the cross-country money market interest rate bases. Using weekly information on short-term interest rates and spot and forward exchange rates for a set of 20 European economies during 2005-2017, we show that in most cases these bases are non-stationary, implying the failure of the Covered Interest Rate Parity condition. Concretely, a mean-reverting behavior is encountered in only two cases. The first includes Greece, Italy and Portugal, while the second Belgium, France and Germany