A brincadeira e o cuidado na educação de crianças de 0 a 3 anos na pedagogia Waldorf

Orientador: Profa. Dra. Angela Maria Scalabrin Coutinho.Monografia (graduação) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação. Curso de Graduação em PedagogiaInclui referências : p. 124-27Resumo : A intenção deste trabalho era analisar uma perspectiva pedagógica ainda pouco explorada academicamente – a pedagogia Waldorf – e a forma como esta é conduzida na educação de crianças de 0 a 3 anos. O objetivo era entende-la na teoria e na prática. Em um primeiro momento foram estudadas as produções existentes sobre essa pedagogia. Então, foi pesquisada a produção no Brasil em anos recentes acerca da educação de bebês e crianças bem pequenas, para compreender o que é essencial para a educação do grupo em questão. Nesse levantamento de dados havíamos reconhecido a importância de dois dos principais eixos da educação de 0 a 3 anos – a brincadeira e o cuidado –, assim como identificamos algumas ausências na produção sobre essa faixa etária na pedagogia Waldorf. Através da análise comparativa de todos os dados levantados, surgiram questões que, para serem respondidas, necessitavam ser observadas no contexto de uma instituição Waldorf. Foram desenvolvidas, portanto, observações em uma turma de maternal Waldorf em Curitiba. A partir disso, compreendemos que a prática Waldorf é composta por atividades de cuidado e de brincadeira, assim como de uma relação professor- criança, que respeitam o ritmo do bebê e criança, com mais liberdade em termos de espaço e tempo, em conformidade com as indicações dos textos acadêmicos.Abstract : The intention of this paper was to analyze a pedagogical perspective seldom explored in an academic context – Waldorf pedagogy – and the way in which it is led in the education of children aged 0 to 3 years old. The objective was to understand it in both theory and its usage. First, the existing production regarding that pedagogy was studied. Then, the recent Brazilian production regarding the education of babies and toddlers was researched, so for us to comprehend what is essential to the education of said group. In this collection of data, we had recognized the importance of two of the main axes in the education of children aged 0 to 3 years old – playing and care -, as we had also identified some absences in the production about the same age groupin Waldorf pedagogy. Through the comparative analyses of all data, some questions were brought upon us, that, in order to be answered, needed to be observed in the context of a Waldorf school. Therefore, observations in a babies and toddlers class in a Waldorf school in Curitiba were undertaken. From that we were able to comprehend that the Waldorf pedagogy is composed of care and play activities, as well as of a teacher-child relationship, that respect the rhythm of the baby and toddler, with more liberty in terms of space and time, in accordance with the indications of the academic production

Benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithio­phene-4,8-dione

The title mol­ecule, C10H4O2S2, is situated on a crystallographic center of inversion. In the crystal, weak hydrogen bonding contributes to the packing of the mol­ecules

De stap van micro- naar macroniveau met computersimulaties

peer reviewedOp microniveau bestaat taal uit een interactie tussen een spreker en hoorder, schrijver en lezer of gebaarder en kijker. In één zo’n interactie is echter zelden sprake van veel taalvariatie en nauwelijks van taalverandering – zulke macrotendensen worden pas duidelijk zichtbaar wanneer je honderden of zelfs miljoenen interacties bekijkt. Toch vloeien de tendensen die we op macroniveau zien, fundamenteel voort uit het gedrag van taalgebruikers in individuele interacties. De theoretische stap van microniveau naar macroniveau is echter niet zo eenvoudig, zeker niet als je ervan uitgaat, zoals in de taalgebruiksgebaseerde taalkunde, dat er een rechtstreekse terugkoppeling bestaat tussen het taalgebruik van een individu en diens cognitieve taalvermogen (Bybee 2010). Dat betekent immers elke vorige interactie een invloed heeft op een volgende interactie. Hier kunnen agent-gebaseerde simulaties ons helpen (Gilbert 2008; Steels 2011; Beuls and Steels 2013). Agent-gebaseerde simulaties zijn computerprogramma’s waarbij interacties tussen ‘agents’ worden gemodelleerd. Die agents nemen afwisselend de rol op van taalproducent en taalontvanger, gedragen zich volgens eenvoudige regels, en passen hun interne ‘taalsysteem’ aan aan het taalgebruik waarmee ze geconfronteerd worden. Door miljoenen interacties tussen zulke agents te laten plaatsvinden, kan onderzocht worden hoe macrotendensen in hun taalgebruik ontstaan. We bespreken drie voorbeelden van het gebruik van deze simulaties, waarbij zowel taalvariatie als taalverandering aan bod komen. Het eerste betreft lectale contaminatie (Pijpops 2022). Dit is een tendens waarbij een groep taalgebruikers meer geneigd is een morfosyntactische variant te gebruiken die typisch is aan een andere groep, bij woorden die vaker gebruikt worden door die andere groep. Zo blijkt bijvoorbeeld dat Nederlanders vaker de “Belgische” variant zonder s van de partitieve genitief gebruiken bij woorden die verhoudingsgewijs vaker voorkomen bij Belgen dan bij Nederlanders, zoals iets speciaal(s) in (1). (1) Dat is iets speciaal(s), presenteren. Sta je met een microfoon in een wei terwijl de cameraploeg tweehonderd meter verder staat. (Sonar-id: WR-P-P-H-0000119078.p.8.s.4; Oostdijk et al. 2013) Het tweede voorbeeld betreft de opkomst van de zwakke vervoeging van de verleden tijd in de Germaanse talen (bv. loop ~ loopte Pijpops, Beuls & Van de Velde 2015, De Smet 2021). Hierbij is de vraag hoe deze jongere variant erin geslaagd is dominant te worden, hoewel zijn concurrent, de oudere sterke vervoeging (bv. loop ~ liep) initieel dominant en nog duidelijk regelmatig was. Ten slotte is het derde voorbeeld een simulatie van de Britse en Amerikaanse invloed op het Indiase en Filipijnse Engels (Hundt 2013; ). Specifiek gaan we in op de variatie tussen transitieve en prepositionele argumentconstructies, zoals in (2)-(3) (Hundt 1998). (2) She protested (against) the inhumane demolition of squatters' homes in the city. (ICE-id: ICE-PHI, S2B-023) ‘Ze protesteerde tegen de wrede sloop van krakerswoningen in de stad.’ (3) Uh the charterers sought leave to appeal (against) that decision… (ICE-id: ICE-GB, S2A-065) ‘Euh, de scheepsbevrachters vroegen verlof om die beslissing te contesteren.

Genetic Associations and Differential mRNA Expression Levels of Host Genes Suggest a Viral Trigger for Endemic Pemphigus Foliaceus

The long search for the environmental trigger of the endemic pemphigus foliaceus (EPF, fogo selvagem) has not yet resulted in any tangible findings. Here, we searched for genetic asso ciations and the differential expression of host genes involved in early viral infections and innate antiviral defense. Genetic variants could alter the structure, expression sites, or levels of the gene products, impacting their functions. By analyzing 3063 variants of 166 candidate genes in 227 EPF patients and 194 controls, we found 12 variants within 11 genes associated with differential suscepti bility (p < 0.005) to EPF. The products of genes TRIM5, TPCN2, EIF4E, EIF4E3, NUP37, NUP50, NUP88, TPR, USP15, IRF8, and JAK1 are involved in different mechanisms of viral control, for example, the regulation of viral entry into the host cell or recognition of viral nucleic acids and proteins. Only two of nine variants were also associated in an independent German cohort of sporadic PF (75 patients, 150 controls), aligning with our hypothesis that antiviral host genes play a major role in EPF due to a specific virus–human interaction in the endemic region. Moreover, CCL5, P4HB, and APOBEC3G mRNA levels were increased (p < 0.001) in CD4+ T lymphocytes of EPF patients. Because there is limited or no evidence that these genes are involved in autoimmunity, their crucial role in antiviral responses and the associations that we observed support the hypothesis of a viral trigger for EPF, presumably a still unnoticed flavivirus. This work opens new frontiers in searching for the trigger of EPF, with the potential to advance translational research that aims for disease prevention and treatment

Evaluation of the Adenocarcinoma-Associated Gene AGR2 and the Intestinal Stem Cell Marker LGR5 as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer

We aim to estimate the diagnostic performances of anterior gradient homolog-2 (AGR2) and Leucine-rich repeat-containing-G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) in peripheral blood (PB) as mRNA biomarkers in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to explore their prognostic significance. Real-time PCR was used to analyze AGR2 and LGR5 in 54 stages I-IV CRC patients and 19 controls. Both mRNAs were significantly increased in PB from CRC patients compared to controls. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves were 0.722 (p = 0.006), 0.376 (p = 0.123) and 0.767 (p = 0.001) for AGR2, LGR5 and combined AGR2/LGR5, respectively. The AGR2/LGR5 assay resulted in 67.4% sensitivity and 94.7% specificity. AGR2 correlated with pT3–pT4 and high-grade tumors. LGR5 correlated with metastasis, R2 resections and high-grade. The progression-free survival (PFS) of patients with high AGR2 was reduced (p = 0.037; HR, 2.32), also in the stage I-III subgroup (p = 0.046). LGR5 indicated a poor prognosis regarding both PFS (p = 0.007; HR, 1.013) and overall survival (p = 0.045; HR, 1.01). High AGR2/LGR5 was associated with poor PFS (p = 0.014; HR, 2.8) by multivariate analysis. Our findings indicate that the assessment of AGR2 and LGR5 in PB might reflect the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and stem cell like CTC in CRC. Increased AGR2 and LGR5 are associated with poor outcomes

CD95 co-stimulation blocks activation of naive T cells by inhibiting T cell receptor signaling

CD95 is a multifunctional receptor that induces cell death or proliferation depending on the signal, cell type, and cellular context. Here, we describe a thus far unknown function of CD95 as a silencer of T cell activation. Naive human T cells triggered by antigen-presenting cells expressing a membrane-bound form of CD95 ligand (CD95L) or stimulated by anti-CD3 and -CD28 antibodies in the presence of recombinant CD95L had reduced activation and proliferation, whereas preactivated, CD95-sensitive T cells underwent apoptosis. Triggering of CD95 during T cell priming interfered with proximal T cell receptor signaling by inhibiting the recruitment of ζ-chain–associated protein of 70 kD, phospholipase-γ, and protein kinase C-θ into lipid rafts, thereby preventing their mutual tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Subsequently, Ca2+ mobilization and nuclear translocation of transcription factors NFAT, AP1, and NF-κB were strongly reduced, leading to impaired cytokine secretion. CD95-mediated inhibition of proliferation in naive T cells could not be reverted by the addition of exogenous interleukin-2 and T cells primed by CD95 co-stimulation remained partially unresponsive upon secondary T cell stimulation. HIV infection induced CD95L expression in primary human antigeen-presenting cells, and thereby suppressed T cell activation, suggesting that CD95/CD95L-mediated silencing of T cell activation represents a novel mechanism of immune evasion

Enzymatic Degradation of PrPSc by a Protease Secreted from Aeropyrum pernix K1

BACKGROUND: An R30 fraction from the growth medium of Aeropyrum pernix was analyzed for the protease that can digest the pathological prion protein isoform (PrP(Sc)) from different species (human, bovine, deer and mouse). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Degradation of the PrP(Sc) isoform by the R30 fraction and the purified protease was evaluated using the 6H4 anti-PrP monoclonal antibody. Fragments from the N-terminal and C-terminal of PrP(Sc) were also monitored by Western blotting using the EB8 anti-PrP monoclonal antibody, and by dot blotting using the C7/5 anti-PrP monoclonal antibody, respectively. For detection of smaller peptides from incomplete digestion of PrP(Sc), the EB8 monoclonal antibody was used after precipitation with sodium phosphotungstate. Characterization of the purified active protease from the R30 fraction was achieved, through purification by fast protein liquid chromatography, and identification by tandem mass spectrometry the serine metalloprotease pernisine. SDS-PAGE and zymography show the purified pernisine plus its proregion with a molecular weight of ca. 45 kDa, and the mature purified pernisine as ca. 23 kDa. The purified pernisine was active between 58 °C and 99 °C, and between pH 3.5 and 8.0. The temperature and pH optima of the enzymatic activity of the purified pernisine in the presence of 1 mM CaCl(2) were 105 °C ± 0.5 °C and pH 6.5 ± 0.2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study has identified and characterized pernisine as a thermostable serine metalloprotease that is secreted from A. pernix and that can digest the pathological prion protein PrP(Sc)

Development of Proteomics-Based Fungicides: New Strategies for Environmentally Friendly Control of Fungal Plant Diseases

Proteomics has become one of the most relevant high-throughput technologies. Several approaches have been used for studying, for example, tumor development, biomarker discovery, or microbiology. In this “post-genomic” era, the relevance of these studies has been highlighted as the phenotypes determined by the proteins and not by the genotypes encoding them that is responsible for the final phenotypes. One of the most interesting outcomes of these technologies is the design of new drugs, due to the discovery of new disease factors that may be candidates for new therapeutic targets. To our knowledge, no commercial fungicides have been developed from targeted molecular research, this review will shed some light on future prospects. We will summarize previous research efforts and discuss future innovations, focused on the fight against one of the main agents causing a devastating crops disease, fungal phytopathogens