Model Pola Laju Aliran Fluida dengan Luas Penampang yang Berbeda Menggunakan Metode Beda Hingga

The writer has done a research on the model of rate pattern of liquid fluid flow by using flow model that has different pattern. The Equation of continuity was used to solve flow rate case, while Equation of Laplace two dimensions was used for numerical case by finite difference methods by using MATLAB R2009b (version 7.9.0.529). The purpose of fluid research was making flow pattern then analyzing fluid flow to each point in dimensions on Equation of Laplace. The methodology used in this research was evaluating Equation of Laplace concept, identifying the problems, two dimensions of Laplace equation used, completing the numerics by using finite difference methods, and completing analitics for simple cases. The results showed that there was no significant between analytical and computation of fluid flow rate. It can be seen the average of error value is close to zero and the highest error value is 0,000,778 % . Even in various geometry problems, the flow pattern can is be also visualized

Distinct positions underpin ecosystem services for poverty alleviation

AbstractAs the concept of ecosystem services is applied more widely in conservation, its users will encounter the issue of poverty alleviation. Policy initiatives involving ecosystem services are often marked by their use of win-win narratives that conceal the trade-offs they must entail. Modelling this paper on an earlier essay about conservation and poverty, we explore the different views that underlie apparent agreement. We identify five positions that reflect different mixes of concern for ecosystem condition, poverty and economic growth, and we suggest that acknowledging these helps to uncover the subjacent goals of policy interventions and the trade-offs they involve in practice. Recognizing their existence and foundations can ultimately support the emergence of more legitimate and robust policies.</jats:p

Poorer without It? The Neglected Role of the Natural Environment in Poverty and Wellbeing

The relationship between sustainable development’s prime goal, human wellbeing, and the natural environment has been narrowly conceived. This paper focuses on the possibility and the implications of treating the natural environment as a ‘constituent’, or internal element, of the concepts of wellbeing and poverty, as opposed to a ‘determinant’, or instrumental, external factor. Our review of philosophical accounts and conceptual frameworks of wellbeing and poverty suggests that treating the environment as a constituent element is philosophically sound, conceptually robust and empirically grounded. We argue that failing to consider these missing environmental aspects can result in an incomplete capturing of the multiple dimensions of wellbeing and poverty, and their underlying drivers. This broader framing of the environment– wellbeing relationship has the potential to inform a new generation of individual level wellbeing and poverty indicators, creating measures of multidimensional poverty that reflect the broadened scope ambitiously articulated in the Sustainable Development Goals

Decacationic Pillar[5]arene: A New Scaffold for the Development of 129Xe MRI Imaging Agents

A decacationic water-soluble pillar[5]arene possessing a nonsolvated hydrophobic core has been designed and synthesized. This supramolecular host is capable of binding xenon, as evidenced by hyperCEST depletion experiments. Fluorescence-based studies also demonstrate that xenon binds into the cavity of the pillararene with an association constant of 4.6 × 103 M−1. These data indicate that the water-soluble pillararene is a potential scaffold for building contrast agents that can be detected by xenon-129 magnetic resonance imaging

Avoiding impacts on biodiversity through strengthening the first stage of the mitigation hierarchy

AbstractThe mitigation hierarchy is a decision-making framework designed to address impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services through first seeking to avoid impacts wherever possible, then minimizing or restoring impacts, and finally by offsetting any unavoidable impacts. Avoiding impacts is seen by many as the most certain and effective way of managing harm to biodiversity, and its position as the first stage of the mitigation hierarchy indicates that it should be prioritized ahead of other stages. However, despite an abundance of legislative and voluntary requirements, there is often a failure to avoid impacts. We discuss reasons for this failure and outline some possible solutions. We highlight the key roles that can be played by conservation organizations in cultivating political will, holding decision makers accountable to the law, improving the processes of impact assessment and avoidance, building capacity, and providing technical knowledge. A renewed focus on impact avoidance as the foundation of the mitigation hierarchy could help to limit the impacts on biodiversity of large-scale developments in energy, infrastructure, agriculture and other sectors.This paper is a product of a project on strengthening the mitigation hierarchy for greater conservation gains, funded by the Cambridge Conservation Initiative Collaborative Fund. BP was funded by a Zukerman Fellowship at King’s College, Cambridge

ERYTHROPOIETIN SYNTESIS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE DEPENDING ON COMORBID PATHOLOGY

Introduction. Decreased production of erythropoietin by the kidneys plays crucial role in the development of anemia in patients with chronic heart failure, especially on the background of comorbid diabetes mellitus type 2. In diabetic patients due to early damage of the kidney vessels and following erythropoietin deficiency anemia develops much earlier than clinically significant decrease of glomerular filtration rate. The aim of the study was to find out possible dependence of changes in the erythropoietinsynthesizing function of the kidneys on the degree of severity of anemic hypoxia in elderly and senile patients with chronic heart failure, including those with comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. 120 patients with chronic heart failure of ischemic origin, type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild and moderate anemia were examined. Control group comprised 12 people with chronic heart failure without comorbid pathology. The examined groups were comparable in terms of gender and age, differing in the presence of comorbid diabetes mellitus and degree of severity of anemic syndrome. The level of erythropoietin in blood serum was determined by standard enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Results. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic heart failure results in a significant decrease in erythropoietin production by 25 % compared to the control group (p<0,05). Comorbid to heart failure anemia leads to an increase in the level of erythropoietin by 74,4 % (р<0,05), and in the case of chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus on the background of concomitant anemia – only by 39,5 % (р<0,05). As the severity of anemia in patients with chronic heart failure without diabetes progresses, the severity of the compensatory response of the kidneys to chronic anemic hypoxia is significantly higher than in patients with heart failure and comorbid type 2 diabetes. Conclusions. Diabetic nephropathy in patients with chronic heart failure and comorbid anemia leads to a significant deterioration of the erythropoietin-synthesizing function of the kidneys, complicating the course of both main and comorbid diseases

Natural capital informing decisions: from promise to practice

This is the accepted manuscript of a paper that will be published in PNAS. It is currently under an infinite embargo.The central challenge of the 21st century is to develop economic, social, and governance systems capable of ending poverty and achieving sustainable levels of population and consumption while securing the life-support systems underpinning current and future human well-being. Essential to meeting this challenge is the incorporation of natural capital and the ecosystem services it provides into decision-making. Here, we explore progress and crucial gaps at this frontier, reflecting upon the 10 years since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. We focus on three key dimensions of progress and ongoing challenges: raising awareness of the interdependence of ecosystems and human well-being; advancing the fundamental, interdisciplinary science of ecosystem services; and implementing this science in decisions to restore natural capital and use it sustainably. Awareness of human dependence on nature is at an all-time high, the science of ecosystem services is rapidly advancing, and talk of natural capital is now common from governments to corporate boardrooms. However, successful implementation is still in early stages. We explore why ecosystem service information has yet to fundamentally change decision-making and suggest a path forward that emphasizes: 1) developing solid evidence linking decisions to impacts on natural capital and ecosystem services, and then to human well-being, 2) working closely with leaders in government, business, and civil society to develop the knowledge, tools, and practices necessary to integrate natural capital and ecosystem services into everyday decision-making; and 3) reforming institutions to change policy and practices to better align private short-term goals with societal long-term goals.http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.150375111

Research priorities for managing the impacts and dependencies of business upon food, energy, water and the environment

Delivering access to sufficient food, energy and water resources to ensure human wellbeing is a major concern for governments worldwide. However, it is crucial to account for the ‘nexus’ of interactions between these natural resources and the consequent implications for human wellbeing. The private sector has a critical role in driving positive change towards more sustainable nexus management and could reap considerable benefits from collaboration with researchers to devise solutions to some of the foremost sustainability challenges of today. Yet opportunities are missed because the private sector is rarely involved in the formulation of deliverable research priorities. We convened senior research scientists and influential business leaders to collaboratively identify the top forty questions that, if answered, would best help companies understand and manage their food-energy-water-environment nexus dependencies and impacts. Codification of the top order nexus themes highlighted research priorities around development of pragmatic yet credible tools that allow businesses to incorporate nexus interactions into their decision-making; demonstration of the business case for more sustainable nexus management; identification of the most effective levers for behaviour change; and understanding incentives or circumstances that allow individuals and businesses to take a leadership stance. Greater investment in the complex but productive relations between the private sector and research community will create deeper and more meaningful collaboration and cooperation.This work was supportedby the Economic and Social Research Council [Grant Number ES/L01632X/1] and is part of the Nexus Network Initiative. WJS is funded by Arcadia