L’Afrique du Nord à l’époque coloniale : migration, agriculture et échec de l’innovation, 1830-1914

Cet article présente une première réflexion autour des liens entre colonisation, innovation et mobilités en l’Afrique du Nord en cherchant à faire varier les échelles d’observation. Il vise à mettre au jour les lieux et les circuits d’échange, de transfert et d’appropriation, en particulier dans le milieu agricole, du point de vue des acteurs sociaux nord-africains. L’étude des sociétés rurales offrirait peut-être un tout autre récit des transferts de techniques, précaires et souvent à moitié dissimulés, depuis les fermiers et bergers nord-africains vers l’agriculture coloniale. Cet article veut ainsi montrer que l’Afrique du Nord, et plus particulièrement l’Algérie française, consti tue un exemple frappant d’échec de l’innovation dans certains secteurs socio-économiques de l’agriculture qui paradoxalement servit d’emblée à valider la colonisation.This paper represents a view from the 19th-century Maghreb within larger frameworks of colonialism, innovation, and mobility in different scales and registers. It aims to uncover sites and circuits of exchange, transfer, and appropriation, notably in subsistence agriculture, from the perspective of North African social actors in the rural sectors. It argues that these sectors offer a different narrative about the unsteady, frequently semi-concealed, transfers of technologies from North African farmers and pastoralists to colonial agriculture within the context of military campaigns, land seizures, and forced re-settlement. The single greatest challenge facing France was not luring settlers across the Mediterranean to people North Africa but rather to furnish the multitude of agrarian economies—each dictated by local ecological and environmental structures--with farmers versed in semi-arid land management. Paradoxically, the French imperial project in the Maghreb failed in many, but not all respects, to innovate in precisely the realm that justified settler colonialism—agriculture.Dieser Artikel bietet eine multiperspektivische Annäherung an den Maghreb des 19. Jahrhunderts unter den Gesichtspunkten Kolonialismus, Innovation und Mobilität. Er legt Orte und Kreisläufe offen, an denen Austausch, Wissenstransfer und Aneignung speziell in der Agrarwirtschaf stattfanden, wobei vor allem der Blick der sozialen nordafrikanischen Akteure eingenommen wird. Eine Analyse der ländlichen Gesellschaften bietet vielleicht eine anderes Narrativ des technischen Transfers zwischen nordafrikanischen Farmern und Schäfern zu einer kolonialen Landwirtschaft, der zumeist prekär und halb im Verborgenen ablief. Der Artikel zeigt ebenso, dass Nordafrika und vor allem das französische Algerien ein erstaunliches Beispiel für gescheiterte Innovationen in einigen sozio-ökonomischen Bereichen der Landwirtschaft war, was paradoxer Weise zu einer Stärkung der Kolonialisierung führte

Cognitive rehabilitation, self-management, psychotherapeutic and caregiver support interventions in progressive neurodegenerative conditions: a scoping review

BACKGROUND: Despite their potentially significant impact, cognitive disability may be overlooked in a number of progressive neurodegenerative conditions, as other difficulties dominate the clinical picture. OBJECTIVE: We examined the extent, nature and range of the research evidence relating to cognitive rehabilitation, self-management, psychotherapeutic and caregiver support interventions in Parkinsonian disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS), frontotemporal dementias (FTD), motor neuron disease and Huntington’s disease. METHODS: Scoping review based on searches of MEDLINE and CINAHL up to 15 March 2016. RESULTS: We included 140 eligible papers. Over half of the studies, and almost all the randomised controlled trials, related to MS, while a number of single case studies described interventions for people with FTD. CR interventions addressed functional ability, communication and interaction, behaviour or memory. The majority of psychotherapy interventions involved cognitive behavioural therapy for depression or anxiety. Self-management interventions were mainly available for people with MS. There were few reports of interventions specific to caregivers. Numerous methodological challenges were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The limited range of studies for all conditions except MS suggests a need firstly to synthesise systematically the available evidence across conditions and secondly to develop well-designed studies to provide evidence about the effectiveness of CR and other psychological interventions

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

La Révolte de Bû Ziyân en Algérie, 1849

Cette étude prend la révolte de Bû (Abû) Ziyân en Algérie (1849) comme « site » socioculturel pour suivre et mieux comprendre la mobilisation rurale et populaire sous l'idéologie du mahdi pendant la conquête coloniale. Vue d'une perspective micro-historique, le mouvement de Bû Ziyân, tout en permettant d'aborder la culture politico-religieuse de l'Afrique du Nord au XIXe siècle, soulève bon nombre de questions. Dans quelle mesure s'imbriquent les paradigmes du saint ou wâlî, du marabout ou le « capteur du divin », avec celui du mahdi ?This study takes the 1849 revolt led by Bû Ziyân, a Mahdist « pretender », as a socio-cultural site for exploring rural popular mobilization under the ideological banner of the Muslim redeemer during the French conquest in Algeria. Utilizing a micro-historical methodology to examine the movement of protest on the Sahara's rim, the article raises the following questions : How were the socially understood and constructed paradigms of « saint/wali/murabit »implicated in the « model »or notion of the Muslim savior ? To what degree did local Sufi shaykhs or leaders act to promote or to dampen the revolutionnary potential of the mahdi ? What can this short-lived, if spectacular rebellion, tell us about the collective attitudes of ordinary people toward the mahdi ? And finally, what does this revolt in a small oasis reveal about collective memory - about the intersections between oral culture/traditions, rumors and written texts concerning the advent of the mahdi ? By way of conclusion, the author argues that the bloody repression of Bû Ziyân's revolt by the French army convinced religious notables, including Sufi elites, to search for accomodation with the colonial regime as early as 1850