Personalized therapy for mycophenolate:Consensus report by the international association of therapeutic drug monitoring and clinical toxicology

When mycophenolic acid (MPA) was originally marketed for immunosuppressive therapy, fixed doses were recommended by the manufacturer. Awareness of the potential for a more personalized dosing has led to development of methods to estimate MPA area under the curve based on the measurement of drug concentrations in only a few samples. This approach is feasible in the clinical routine and has proven successful in terms of correlation with outcome. However, the search for superior correlates has continued, and numerous studies in search of biomarkers that could better predict the perfect dosage for the individual patient have been published. As it was considered timely for an updated and comprehensive presentation of consensus on the status for personalized treatment with MPA, this report was prepared following an initiative from members of the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT). Topics included are the criteria for analytics, methods to estimate exposure including pharmacometrics, the potential influence of pharmacogenetics, development of biomarkers, and the practical aspects of implementation of target concentration intervention. For selected topics with sufficient evidence, such as the application of limited sampling strategies for MPA area under the curve, graded recommendations on target ranges are presented. To provide a comprehensive review, this report also includes updates on the status of potential biomarkers including those which may be promising but with a low level of evidence. In view of the fact that there are very few new immunosuppressive drugs under development for the transplant field, it is likely that MPA will continue to be prescribed on a large scale in the upcoming years. Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse effects is relatively common, increasing the risk for late rejections, which may contribute to graft loss. Therefore, the continued search for innovative methods to better personalize MPA dosage is warranted.</p

Aprendizagem escolar e a formaçao de conceitos

O presente trabalho trata de estudo bibliográfico tendo como linha teórica a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Aborda sobre a importância da Formaçao de Conceitos no processo de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem do indivíduo, a partir do que propoe Vygotsky, Luria e Leontiev. O texto traz a importância de tal teoria á formaçao do professor além de compor-se como valiosa contribuiçao acerca de reflexoes necessárias ao professor no que tange o desenvolvimento do pensamento teórico

Aprendizagem escolar e a formaçao de conceitos

O presente trabalho trata de estudo bibliográfico tendo como linha teórica a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Aborda sobre a importância da Formaçao de Conceitos no processo de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem do indivíduo, a partir do que propoe Vygotsky, Luria e Leontiev. O texto traz a importância de tal teoria á formaçao do professor além de compor-se como valiosa contribuiçao acerca de reflexoes necessárias ao professor no que tange o desenvolvimento do pensamento teórico

Aprendizagem escolar e a formaçao de conceitos

O presente trabalho trata de estudo bibliográfico tendo como linha teórica a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Aborda sobre a importância da Formaçao de Conceitos no processo de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem do indivíduo, a partir do que propoe Vygotsky, Luria e Leontiev. O texto traz a importância de tal teoria á formaçao do professor além de compor-se como valiosa contribuiçao acerca de reflexoes necessárias ao professor no que tange o desenvolvimento do pensamento teórico

Clinical assessment of oral mucositis and candidiasis compare to chemotherapic nadir in transplanted patients

Oral mucositis is a chief complication in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It is considered a toxic inflammatory reaction that interferes with the patient&#8217;s recuperation and quality of life. Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection observed in dental practice, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of oral mucositis and oral candidiasis in patients who underwent HSCT and their correlation with the chemotherapeutic nadir (lowest possible outcome). We evaluated patients with different diagnoses who underwent HSCT at the Hospital Erasto Gaertner. No chemotherapeutic nadir curves could be associated with mucositis, and patients had different presentations of mucositis. No patient developed oral candidiasis during hospitalization. Together with cell counts, we collected demographic data including age, oral hygiene, habits harmful to health, and the use of oral prostheses. It was observed that patients who smoked cigarettes before hospitalization showed less mucositis, resulting in no feeding problems or other comorbid conditions due to the effect of mucositis. However, the nadir of the chemotherapy curve, in isolation, is not a predictive tool for the appearance (or no appearance) of oral mucositis

HLA-G 14-bp Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism Is a Risk Factor for HTLV-1 Infection

About 95% of HTLV-1 infected patients remain asymptomatic throughout life, and the risk factors associated with the development of related diseases, such as HAM/TSP and ATL, are not fully understood. The human leukocyte antigen-G molecule (HLA-G), a nonclassical HLA class I molecule encoded by MHC, is expressed in several pathological conditions, including viral infection, and is related to immunosuppressive effects that allow the virus-infected cells to escape the antiviral defense of the host. The 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of exon 8 HLA-G gene influences the stability of the transcripts and could be related to HTLV-1-infected cell protection and to the increase of proviral load. The present study analyzed by conventional PCR the 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of exon 8 HLA-G gene in 150 unrelated healthy subjects, 82 HTLV-1 infected patients with symptoms (33 ATL and 49 HAM), and 56 asymptomatic HTLV-1 infected patients (HAC). In addition, the proviral load was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in all infected groups and correlated with 14-bp insertion/deletion genotypes. The heterozygote genotype frequencies were significantly higher in HAM, in the symptomatic group, and in infected patients compared to control (p < 0.05). The proviral load was higher in the symptomatic group than the HAC group (p < 0.0005). The comparison of proviral load and genotypes showed that -14-bp/-14-bp genotype had a higher proviral load than +14-bp/-14-bp and +14-bp/+14-bp genotypes. Although HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism does not appear to be associatedFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)Centro de Terapia Celular da Fundacao Hemocentro de Ribeirao Preto (CTC/FUNDHERP)Instituto Nacional de Celulas Tronco e Terapia Celular (INCTC

Human leukocyte antigen-G 3 ' untranslated region polymorphisms are associated with better kidney allograft acceptance

Human leukocyte antigen-G (FILA-G) plays a well-recognized role in the modulation of the immune response, and HLA-G expression has been associated with increased graft survival and decreased rejection episodes. To investigate the role of the HLA-G 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) in renal transplantation, we evaluated several polymorphic sites (14-bp Del/Ins +3003T/C, +3010C/G, +3027C/A, +3035C/T, +3142G/C, and +3187A/G) in patients exhibiting or not exhibiting rejection episodes. A total of 104 patients (15 with acute and 48 with chronic rejection, and 41 with no rejection) and 142 healthy individuals were studied. HLA-G 3'UTR was typed by direct sequencing. The +3035C-C genotype was more frequent in patients exhibiting chronic rejection compared with healthy controls, and the +3035C-T genotype was less frequent in chronic rejection compared with patients without rejection (acute plus chronic) or compared with healthy controls. The +3187G-A genotype, in which the A allele is associated with increased mRNA degradation, showed increased frequency in the rejection group (acute plus chronic) when compared with healthy controls. The 14 base pair Deletion/Insertion genotype was marginally increased in patients with acute rejection. This is the first study to show associations among numerous polymorphic sites in the HLA-G 3'UTR in kidney allotransplantation, which may contribute to the understanding of HLA-G post-transcriptional mechanisms. (C) 2012 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Brazilian National Research Councils (CNPq)Brazilian National Research Councils (CNPq)Brazilian National Research Councils (CAPES)Brazilian National Research Councils (CAPES)local agency (FAEPA)local agency (FAEPA)binational CAPES/COFECUB [653/09]binational CAPES/COFECUBCNPqCNPqFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo-FAPESP [2010/14946-5]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP

Pevonedistat (PEV) + Azacitidine (AZA) Versus AZA Alone As First-Line Treatment for Patients with Higher-Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)/Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML) or Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with 20-30% Marrow Blasts: The Randomized Phase 3 PANTHER Trial (NCT03268954)

Abstract Background: Older patients with higher-risk MDS/CMML or AML with 20-30% marrow blasts typically receive single-agent hypomethylating agent (HMA) therapy. Median response duration and survival for these patients is poor, and many patients with MDS transform to secondary AML, which is associated with a particularly dismal prognosis. Novel HMA-based combination therapies that improve survival, delay transformation to AML, and increase depth and duration of response vs single-agent HMA therapy without additional toxicity or myelosuppression are needed. In a randomized, proof-of-concept phase 2 study PEV - a first-in-class, selective inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme - in combination with AZA demonstrated encouraging clinical efficacy vs AZA alone in patients with higher-risk MDS and AML with 20-30% marrow blasts, with nearly double the complete remission rate, almost triple the duration of response, and improved event-free survival (EFS) among patients with higher-risk MDS (Sekeres Leukemia 2021). PEV + AZA had a comparable safety profile to AZA alone, without increased myelosuppression. Here we report the study design and patient characteristics from PANTHER, a global, multicenter, randomized phase 3 trial (NCT03268954). Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of higher-risk MDS or higher-risk CMML (Revised International Prognostic Scoring System [IPSS-R] risk score >3; ≥5% marrow blasts for intermediate-risk patients) or AML with 20-30% marrow blasts and who were chemotherapy/HMA-naïve and ineligible for upfront intensive chemotherapy and/or allogeneic stem cell transplantation were randomized 1:1 to receive PEV 20 mg/m 2 (IV, days 1, 3, 5) + AZA 75 mg/m 2 (IV or subcutaneous; days 1-5, 8, 9) or AZA alone in 28-day cycles until unacceptable toxicity, relapse, progressive disease, or transformation to AML. Patients were stratified into 4 categories: very high, high, and intermediate risk (per IPSS-R) MDS/CMML, and AML with 20-30% marrow blasts. The primary endpoint was EFS, defined as time from randomization to death or transformation to AML for patients with higher-risk MDS or higher-risk CMML, or to death for patients with AML. OS was a key secondary endpoint. EFS and OS are being tested sequentially in the higher-risk MDS cohort and intent-to-treat (ITT) population using separate hierarchical testing procedures (total 1-sided alpha of 0.025 for each procedure), with subsequent OS testing in the AML cohort. Results: A total of 454 patients were randomized (PEV + AZA, n=227; AZA alone, n=227), 324 with higher-risk MDS (n=161; n=163), 103 with AML (n=50; n=53), and 27 with higher-risk CMML (n=16; n=11). Baseline demographics and disease characteristics were generally well balanced between arms. In the ITT population, 58% and 63% of patients in the PEV + AZA and AZA alone arms, respectively, were male, 91% and 86% were aged ≥65 years (41% and 48% aged ≥75 years), and 89%/10% and 84%/15% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1/2. In patients with higher-risk MDS who were treated with PEV + AZA or AZA alone, IPSS-R risk group was very high in 39% and 36%, high in 37% and 39%, and intermediate in 24% and 25%; 93% and 94% of patients had de novo disease. In patients with AML treated with PEV + AZA or AZA alone, 60% and 70% were classified as adverse-risk per European LeukemiaNet 2017 guidelines; 62% and 49% had de novo disease. To date, no new safety signals have been identified. At the prespecified second interim analysis for the primary endpoint of EFS (n=147 events, higher-risk MDS), approximately 202 OS events had also occurred. Conclusions: Patient characteristics were well-balanced between arms, and the population is reflective of typical patients with higher-risk MDS/CMML and AML with 20-30% marrow blasts. EFS and OS in the ITT population and the higher-risk MDS cohort for each treatment arm will be presented, along with data on secondary endpoints, including response rates and duration of response, time to AML transformation in patients with higher-risk MDS, rates of transfusion independence, and safety. If endpoints are met, this would be the first phase 3 study in this setting to demonstrate superior efficacy with addition of a novel agent to AZA. Disclosures Sekeres: Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda/Millenium: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Girshova: Astellas Pharma, Inc.: Research Funding. Diez-Campelo: Takeda Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Valcarcel: ASTELLAS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; NOVARTIS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; AMGEN: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; JAZZ: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; SOBI: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; SANOFI: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; TAKEDA: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; CELGENE: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Viniou: Abbvie: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; Sandoz: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria, Research Funding; Roche: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding. De Paz Arias: BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Symeonidis: Astellas: Consultancy, Research Funding; Demo: Research Funding; Sanofi: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; MSD: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; AbbVie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; WinMedica: Research Funding; GenesisPharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Roche: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; GSK: Research Funding; Sanofi/Genzyme: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Gilead: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Anagnostopoulos: Abbvie: Other: clinical trials; Sanofi: Other: clinical trials ; Ocopeptides: Other: clinical trials ; GSK: Other: clinical trials; Incyte: Other: clinical trials ; Takeda: Other: clinical trials ; Amgen: Other: clinical trials ; Janssen: Other: clinical trials; novartis: Other: clinical trials; Celgene: Other: clinical trials; Roche: Other: clinical trials; Astellas: Other: clinical trials . Platzbecker: Takeda: Honoraria; AbbVie: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Celgene/BMS: Honoraria; Geron: Honoraria. Santini: Astex: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS/Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Geron: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Menarini: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Fram: Takeda Pharmaceuticals Intl. Co: Current Employment; Takeda: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Bristol Myers Squibb: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Baxter: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Pfizer: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Gilead: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Teva: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Viatris: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Medtronics: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; Zimmer Biomet Hldgs Inc: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Yuan: Takeda: Current Employment. Faller: Briacell, Inc: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company; Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co.: Current Employment; Viracta Therapeutics, Inc: Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company, Ended employment in the past 24 months, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Ades: ABBVIE: Honoraria; NOVARTIS: Honoraria; CELGENE/BMS: Honoraria; TAKEDA: Honoraria; JAZZ: Honoraria, Research Funding; CELGENE: Research Fundi