Comparison of three pilot plants filled with organic materials for the treatment of air pollutants from a composting plant

[Abstract] This study has compared the efficiency of 3 mixes of organic materials [peat + coco fibre; branches (1 vol) + wood (1vol) + peat (1 vol.); + branches (5 vol) + wood (2vol) + peat (1 vol.)] used in biofiltres pilot plants in order to remove Volatiles Organic Compounds (VOCs), Ammonia and Odours Units (O.U.) from process and ambient air of a composting plant. After a period of seeding, 3 different air velocities have been applied (125 m/h, 175 m/h and 200 m/h) during approximately 1 ½ month each. Results show a better NH3 removal in filters containing wood (92% to 98%) than in the one with coco fibre (between 17% and 63%) depending on the air velocity and on the pollutant concentration (from 35 to 60 ppmV). Concerning VOCs the efficiency was globally the same (approx. 75%) and that for each velocity and for a relatively constant inlet concentration of 20 ppmV Carbon equivalent. Differences are less obvious in terms of Odours Unit that is mainly due to the variability of the analysis itself. The coco fibres filter seems to be a little bit worst than the two others what would be in accordance with the pollutant removal efficiency observed

Traitement de composés organiques volatils par lavage chimique compact: recyclage de la solution de lavage par oxydation avancée O3/H2O2

National audienceThis study focuses on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) treatment in a compact chemical scrubber composed of a structured packing operating at co-current and high gas superficial velocity (> 10 m.s-1). The scrubbing liquid is composed of ozone and hydrogen peroxide to generate very reactive hydroxyl radicals. Results demonstrate a high mineralisation rate of the transferred VOC, even with low oxidant concentrations. Therefore, the scrubbing liquid can be recycled and recirculated at the top of the scrubber without efficiency drop over time. Neutral VOC removal efficiency increases with their solubility in water, from 14% for dimethyldisulfide to 86% for butanol using a mass flow rates ratio (L/G) of 2.5 and residence time of 20 ms. For trimethylamine, a basic VOC, the increased apparent solubility at pH = 8 leads to a high removal efficiency of 80%. Major by-products were identified and quantified. An absence of stripping in the treated gas emphasizes their innocuity.Cette étude porte sur le traitement de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) dans un laveur chimique compact composé d’un garnissage structuré fonctionnant à co-courant et à vitesse superficielle du gaz élevée (> 10 m.s-1). La solution aqueuse de lavage se compose d’un mélange d’ozone et de peroxyde d’hydrogène afin de générer des radicaux hydroxyles très réactifs. Les résultats démontrent une minéralisation poussée des COV transférés même avec des concentrations en oxydants modestes. La solution de lavage peut donc être régénérée et réinjectée en tête du laveur sans diminution d’efficacité au cours du temps. L’abattement en phase gazeuse des COV neutres, observés pour un rapport des débits massiques L/G de 2,5, augmente avec leur solubilité en phase aqueuse, démarrant à 14% pour le dimethyldisulfide jusqu’à 86% pour le butanol en 20 ms de temps de contact. Pour la triméthylamine, composé basique, l’augmentation de la solubilité apparente à pH 8 permet d’atteindre un abattement élevé de 80%. Les sous-produits majoritaires ont été identifiés et quantifiés. L’absence de stripping dans le gaz traité met en évidence leur innocuité

Hydrogen sulphide removal in waste water treatment plant by compact oxidative scrubbing in Aquilair PlusTM process

International audienceRecently, the development of a high voidage contactor, named Aquilair Plus™, has demonstrated high efficiency for chemical scrubbing of hydrogen sulphide. Liquid and gas phases flow at co-current and high velocity, leading to a great dispersion of the liquid and then to an enhancement of the mass transfer rate by comparison with classical packed towers. This study focused on the results which obtained at semi-industrial scale with the Aquilair PlusTM process on a waste water treatment plant located in France. The scrubbing liquid consisted of a sodium hypochlorite alkaline solution. At once, pressure drop, H2S removal and reagents consumption were followed. The influence of the superficial gas velocity, liquid-to-gas mass ratio (L/G), pH, hypochlorite concentration of the scrubbing liquid and H2S inlet concentration was characterised. H2S removal percentages higher than 90% could be easily achieved with a moderate pressure drop (< 40 mbar). Both hydrodynamic and chemical conditions proved to influence performances. Reagents consumptions slightly higher than the predicted ones were measured

Vortex-core spectroscopy of dd-wave cuprate high-temperature superconductors

The mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity remains one of the great challenges of contemporary physics. Here, we review efforts to image the vortex lattice in copper oxide-based high-temperature superconductors and to measure the characteristic electronic structure of the vortex core of a $d$-wave superconductor using scanning tunneling spectroscopy.Comment: Main text : 7 pages, 8 figure

Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of high-temperature superconductors

Tunneling spectroscopy played a central role in the experimental verification of the microscopic theory of superconductivity in the classical superconductors. Initial attempts to apply the same approach to high-temperature superconductors were hampered by various problems related to the complexity of these materials. The use of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) on these compounds allowed to overcome the main difficulties. This success motivated a rapidly growing scientific community to apply this technique to high-temperature superconductors. This paper reviews the experimental highlights obtained over the last decade. We first recall the crucial efforts to gain control over the technique and to obtain reproducible results. We then discuss how the STM/STS technique has contributed to the study of some of the most unusual and remarkable properties of high-temperature superconductors: the unusual large gap values and the absence of scaling with the critical temperature; the pseudogap and its relation to superconductivity; the unprecedented small size of the vortex cores and its influence on vortex matter; the unexpected electronic properties of the vortex cores; the combination of atomic resolution and spectroscopy leading to the observation of periodic local density of states modulations in the superconducting and pseudogap states, and in the vortex cores.Comment: To appear in RMP; 65 pages, 62 figure

Frailty assessment for COVID-19 follow-up: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is increasingly used for clinical decision making in acute care but little is known about frailty after COVID-19. OBJECTIVES To investigate frailty and the CFS for post-COVID-19 follow-up. METHODS This prospective multicentre cohort study included COVID-19 survivors aged ≥50 years presenting for a follow-up visit ≥3 months after the acute illness. Nine centres retrospectively collected pre-COVID-19 CFS and prospectively CFS at follow-up. Three centres completed the Frailty Index (FI), the short physical performance battery (SPPB), 30 s sit-to-stand test and handgrip strength measurements. Mixed effect logistic regression models accounting for repeated measurements and potential confounders were used to investigate factors associated with post-COVID-19 CFS. Criterion and construct validity were determined by correlating the CFS to other concurrently assessed frailty measurements and measures of respiratory impairment, respectively. RESULTS Of the 288 participants 65% were men, mean (SD) age was 65.1 (9) years. Median (IQR) CFS at follow-up was 3 (2-3), 21% were vulnerable or frail (CFS ≥4). The CFS was responsive to change, correlated with the FI (r=0.69, p<0.001), the SPPB score (r=-0.48, p<0.001) (criterion validity) and with the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire score (r=0.59, p<0.001), forced vital capacity %-predicted (r=-0.25, p<0.001), 6 min walk distance (r=-0.39, p<0.001) and modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) (r=0.59, p<0.001). Dyspnoea was significantly associated with a higher odds for vulnerability/frailty (per one mMRC adjusted OR 2.01 (95% CI 1.13 to 3.58), p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The CFS significantly increases with COVID-19, and dyspnoea is an important risk factor for post-COVID-19 frailty and should be addressed thoroughly

Super-Resolution Dynamic Imaging of Dendritic Spines Using a Low-Affinity Photoconvertible Actin Probe

The actin cytoskeleton of dendritic spines plays a key role in morphological aspects of synaptic plasticity. The detailed analysis of the spine structure and dynamics in live neurons, however, has been hampered by the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional fluorescence microscopy. The advent of nanoscopic imaging techniques thus holds great promise for the study of these processes. We implemented a strategy for the visualization of morphological changes of dendritic spines over tens of minutes at a lateral resolution of 25 to 65 nm. We have generated a low-affinity photoconvertible probe, capable of reversibly binding to actin and thus allowing long-term photoactivated localization microscopy of the spine cytoskeleton. Using this approach, we resolve structural parameters of spines and record their long-term dynamics at a temporal resolution below one minute. Furthermore, we have determined changes in the spine morphology in response to pharmacologically induced synaptic activity and quantified the actin redistribution underlying these changes. By combining PALM imaging with quantum dot tracking, we could also simultaneously visualize the cytoskeleton and the spine membrane, allowing us to record complementary information on the morphological changes of the spines at super-resolution

Ankyrin G restricts ion channel diffusion at the axonal initial segment before the establishment of the diffusion barrier

Ion channel immobilization by ankyrin G is regulated by casein kinase 2 in immature hippocampal neurons

Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective

This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through on-line media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focussed on process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come