Survey of Small Mammals in Bukit Taat, Tasik Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia

A survey on small mammals was conducted at Bukit Taat, Tasik Kenyir from 2nd to 5th September 2014. This survey aimed to document the species diversity of small mammals in Bukit Taat. A total of eight mist nets, two four-bank harp traps and 50 cage traps baited with banana slices were used. A total of 36 individuals comprising 14 species of chiropteran but none of non-volant small mammals were recorded. Hipposideros larvatus (36.1% of total individuals) were recorded as the most captured species followed by H. diadema (19.4% of total individuals) and Penthetor lucasi (8.3% of total individuals). This survey formed the first list of chiropterans recorded at Bukit Taat, Tasik Kenyir, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia

Efimov Trimers near the Zero-crossing of a Feshbach Resonance

Near a Feshbach resonance, the two-body scattering length can assume any value. When it approaches zero, the next-order term given by the effective range is known to diverge. We consider the question of whether this divergence (and the vanishing of the scattering length) is accompanied by an anomalous solution of the three-boson Schr\"odinger equation similar to the one found at infinite scattering length by Efimov. Within a simple zero-range model, we find no such solutions, and conclude that higher-order terms do not support Efimov physics.Comment: 8 pages, no figures, final versio

Macrophages exert homeostatic actions in pregnancy to protect against preterm birth and fetal inflammatory injury

Macrophages are commonly thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of preterm labor by amplifying inflammation — but a protective role has not previously been considered to our knowledge. We hypothesized that given their antiinflammatory capability in early pregnancy, macrophages exert essential roles in maintenance of late gestation and that insufficient macrophages may predispose individuals to spontaneous preterm labor and adverse neonatal outcomes. Here, we showed that women with spontaneous preterm birth had reduced CD209⁺CD206⁺ expression in alternatively activated CD45⁺CD14⁺ICAM3⁻ macrophages and increased TNF expression in proinflammatory CD45⁺CD14⁺CD80⁺HLA-DR⁺ macrophages in the uterine decidua at the materno-fetal interface. In Cd11b(DTR/DTR) mice, depletion of maternal CD11b⁺ myeloid cells caused preterm birth, neonatal death, and postnatal growth impairment, accompanied by uterine cytokine and leukocyte changes indicative of a proinflammatory response, while adoptive transfer of WT macrophages prevented preterm birth and partially rescued neonatal loss. In a model of intra-amniotic inflammation–induced preterm birth, macrophages polarized in vitro to an M2 phenotype showed superior capacity over nonpolarized macrophages to reduce uterine and fetal inflammation, prevent preterm birth, and improve neonatal survival. We conclude that macrophages exert a critical homeostatic regulatory role in late gestation and are implicated as a determinant of susceptibility to spontaneous preterm birth and fetal inflammatory injury.Nardhy Gomez-Lopez, Valeria Garcia-Flores, Peck Yin Chin, Holly M. Groome, Melanie T. Bijland, Kerrilyn R. Diener, Roberto Romero, and Sarah A. Robertso

The remodelling index risk stratifies patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy

Aims Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with increased cardiovascular events. We previously developed the remodelling index (RI) that incorporated left ventricular (LV) volume and wall-thickness in a single measure of advanced hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. This study examined the prognostic potential of the RI in reference to contemporary LVH classifications.Methods and results Cardiovascular magnetic resonance was performed in 400 asymptomatic hypertensive patients. The newly derived RI ((3)root EDV/t, where EDV is LV end-diastolic volume and t is the maximal wall thickness across 16 myocardial segments) stratified hypertensive patients: no LVH, LVH with normal RI (LVHNormal-RI), and LVH with low RI (LVHLow-RI). The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, acute coronary syndromes, strokes, and decompensated heart failure. LVHLow-RI was associated with increased LV mass index, fibrosis burden, impaired myocardial function and elevated biochemical markers of myocardial injury (high-sensitive cardiac troponin I), and wall stress. Over 18.3 +/- 7.0 months (601.3 patient-years), 14 adverse events occurred (2.2 events/100 patient-years). Patients with LVHLow-RI had more than a five-fold increase in adverse events compared to those with LVHNormal-RI (11.6 events/100 patient-years vs. 2.0 events/100 patient-years, respectively; log-rank P < 0.001). The RI provided incremental prognostic value over and above a model consisting of clinical variables, LVH and concentricity; and predicted adverse events independent of clinical variables, LVH, and other prognostic markers. Concentric and eccentric LVH were associated with adverse prognosis (log-rank P = 0.62) that was similar to the natural history of hypertensive LVH (5.1 events/100 patient-years).Conclusion The RI provides prognostic value that improves risk stratification of hypertensive LVH.Cardiolog

Influência de práticas culturais e da resistência genética na intensidade do cancro da haste e produção de soja no Cerrado

Os efeitos de práticas culturais e resistência genética na intensidade ao cancro-da-haste da soja (Diaporthe phaseolorum f.sp. meridionalis - Dpm) foram examinados na safra 1995-96 em áreas de produção comercial, que haviam sido severamente atacadas na safra anterior (1994-95). Um experimento investigou os efeitos de cultivo mínimo (MT) e do plantio direto (NT) no desenvolvimento da doença e produtividade das cultivares FT-Cristalina e FT-Seriema. Em outro experimento, semeado em plantio direto, estudou-se o efeito da densidade de plantas (8, 15, 21 e 36 plantas/m) no desenvolvimento da doença e produtividade das cvs. FT-Cristalina (suscetivel), FT- 101 (moderadamente resistente) e FT-104 (resistente). Incidência e severidade da doença foram menores em NT do que em MT. A produtividade aumentou no sistema NT (23% para ‘FT-Cristalina’ e 14% para ‘FT-Seriema’), comparada com as produtividades em MT. As curvas de progresso da doença foram melhor descritas pelos mo- delos de Gompertz e logístico. A severidade do cancro aumentou pro- porcionalmente ao aumento das densidades de plantio nas cvs. suscetível e moderadamente resistente. No final do ciclo, 100% das plantas da cv. FT-Cristalina estavam infetadas por Dpm, em todas as densidades de plantio. Níveis intermediários de doença foram observa- dos na cv. FT-101, enquanto apenas níveis muito baixos de doença ocorreram na cv. FT-104. Estabeleceu-se uma correlação negativa entre severidade de cancro-da-haste e produção. Algumas das práticas estudadas demonstraram potential para aplicação direta no controle da doença, e poderiam ser combinadas considerando-se seus efeitos aditivos.Field experiments were conducted in the 1995-96 soybean (Glycine max) growing season to evaluate the effects of cultural practices and host genetic resistance on the intensity of soybean stem canker, caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum f.sp. meridionalis (Dpm). Experiments were conducted in a commercial field severely infected in the previous (1994-95) season. In one study, minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) cropping systems were investigated for their effects on disease development and on plant yields in cvs. FT- Cristalina (susceptible) and FT-Seriema (moderately resistant). Another study evaluated the effects of plant densities (8, 15, 21 and 36 plants/m) on disease development in cvs. FT-Cristalina, FT-101 (moderately resistant) and FT-104 (resistant). Disease incidence and severity were consistently lower in NT than in MT, and plant yields were increased by 23% and 14% in the NT system for the susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars, respectively, compared to the yields in the MT system. The Gompertz and Logistic models described well the disease progress curves in all situations. For both susceptible and moderately resistant cultivars, disease severity increased proportionately to the increase in plant densities. At the end of the season, 100% of the plants of cv. FT-Cristalina were infected by Dpm, at all plant densities. Disease levels on cv. FT-101 were intermediate while only very low disease levels were recorded on cv. FT-104. There was a consistent negative correlation between stem canker severity and yield. Some practices demonstrated potential for direct application in disease control, and could be combined considering their additive effects

Towards the high-accuracy determination of the 238U fission cross section at the threshold region at CERN - N-TOF

The 238U fission cross section is an international standard beyond 2 MeV where the fission plateau starts. However, due to its importance in fission reactors, this cross-section should be very accurately known also in the threshold region below 2 MeV. The 238U fission cross section has been measured relative to the 235U fission cross section at CERN - n-TOF with different detection systems. These datasets have been collected and suitably combined to increase the counting statistics in the threshold region from about 300 keV up to 3 MeV. The results are compared with other experimental data, evaluated libraries, and the IAEA standards

Hidrología de zonas áridas y semiáridas

[ES] La hidrología de cuencas de zonas áridas y semiáridas es de suma importancia para el desarrollo y manejo de los recursos hidráulicos. En este artículo se describen características climáticas, hidrológicas, y geomorfológicas propias de dichas zonas; modelos matemáticos de las componentes principales del ciclo hidrológico tales como la precipitación, infiltración y escorrentía; modelos matemáticos de cuencas, y el efecto de cambios climáticos en el análisis y síntesis de datos hidrológicos en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Este artículo es una version modificada de la conferencia magistral dada por el autor con motivo de la II Conferencia Internacional sobre “Hidrología Mediterránea” realizada en Valencia, España, Nov. 27-28, 1996.El autor agradece al profesor J.A. Ramirez y a la estudiante de doctorado Rosalia Rojas-Sanchez de Colorado State University por haber revisado el borrador de este artículo. Tambien agradece la colaboración de los profesores E. Wohl, F. Smith, y T. McKee, y del Dr. L. Ahuja, ARS-USDA, por haber sugerido y proporcionado material necesario para la preparación de la conferencia y del artículo.Asimismo, se agradece a la U.S. National Science Foundation y a la Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station por financiar investigaciones realizadas por el autor relacionadas a la hidrología de zonas áridas y semiáridas.Salas, JD. (2000). Hidrología de zonas áridas y semiáridas. Ingeniería del Agua. 7(4):409-429. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2000.2855SWORD40942974Chin, E.H. (1977). Modeling daily precipitation ocurrence process with a Markov chain . Water Resour. Res. 13(6), 949-956.Chebaane, M., Salas, J.D., y Boes, D.C. (1992). Modeling of monthly intermittent streamflow processes. Water Resources Papers, 105, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.Chebaane, M., Salas, J.D., y Boes, D.C. (1995). Product periodic autoregressive processes for modeling intermittent monthly streamflows. Water Resour. 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En Water and Arid Lands of the Western United States, editado por M.E. El-Ashry y D.C. Gibbons, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Leavesley, G.H., Litchy, R.W., Troutman, B.M., y Saindon, L.G. (1983). Precipitation-runoff modeling system: users manual, U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations, Report 83-4238, 207 p.Linsley, R.K., Kohler, M.A., y Paulhus, J.L.H. (1982). Hydrology for engineers, McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. York.Loague, K. y Gander, G.A. (1990). R-5 revisited 1. Spatial variability of infiltration on a small rangeland catchment. Water Resour. Res., 26(5), 957-971.Lorenz, E.N. (1990). Can chaos and intransitivity lead to interannual variability?. Tellus, 42A, 378-389.Marco, J.B. (1995). Hydrometeorological and hydraulic factors and problems related to floods in arid regions of Spain. US-Italy Research Workshop on the Hydrome-teorology, Impacts, and Management of Extreme Floods, Perugia, Italia, Nov. 13-17.Matthai, H.F. (1990). Floods. 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Predictors of 1-year compliance with adaptive servoventilation in patients with heart failure and sleep disordered breathing: preliminary data from the ADVENT-HF trial

Despite its effectiveness in suppressing sleep disordered breathing (SDB), positive airway pressure therapy (PAP) is not always well tolerated by patients and long-term adherence can be problematic. Recently, two multicentre, randomised clinical trials (RCTs) tested the effects of PAP for patients with cardiovascular disease and co-existing SDB on morbidity and mortality with negative outcomes [1, 2]. Relatively poor adherence to PAP therapy (mean 3.7 and 3.3 h·day-1, respectively) in these two trials might have contributed to their poor results. Indeed, higher PAP use per day is associated with better clinical outcomes than lower use [3]

Orbital Observations of Dust Lofted by Daytime Convective Turbulence

Over the past several decades, orbital observations of lofted dust have revealed the importance of mineral aerosols as a climate forcing mechanism on both Earth and Mars. Increasingly detailed and diverse data sets have provided an ever-improving understanding of dust sources, transport pathways, and sinks on both planets, but the role of dust in modulating atmospheric processes is complex and not always well understood. We present a review of orbital observations of entrained dust on Earth and Mars, particularly that produced by the dust-laden structures produced by daytime convective turbulence called “dust devils”. On Earth, dust devils are thought to contribute only a small fraction of the atmospheric dust budget; accordingly, there are not yet any published accounts of their occurrence from orbit. In contrast, dust devils on Mars are thought to account for several tens of percent of the planet’s atmospheric dust budget; the literature regarding martian dust devils is quite rich. Because terrestrial dust devils may temporarily contribute significantly to local dust loading and lowered air quality, we suggest that martian dust devil studies may inform future studies of convectively-lofted dust on Earth

Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 : analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health