LA INFLUENCIA DEL USO DE LOS MEDIOS PUBLICITARIOS EN EL COMPORTAMIENTO DEL CONSUMIDOR EN LA EMPRESA AGROSMAT, CIUDAD DE MATAGALPA AÑO 2015

En esta investigación se analizó la influencia del uso de los medios publicitarios en el comportamiento del consumidor de la ferretería Agrosmat, ubicada en la ciudad de Matagalpa año 2015. Este trabajo se realizó con los objetivos de Describir el comportamiento del consumidor, he identificar los medios publicitarios que más influyen en el comportamiento del consumidor, así como valorar la influencia ejercida por los medios publicitarios en la ferretería Agrosmat, ubicada en la ciudad de Matagalpa Las variables del estudio fueron: Los medios publicitarios, El comportamiento del consumidor. La primera nos indicó a través de que medio el propietario de este negocio publicita sus productos, la segunda nos dio a conocer como es la forma de actuar del cliente ante la compra. Mediante este estudio se determinó si los clientes están satisfechos con los productos ofrecidos por ferretería Agrosmat, así también que si la atención recibida por parte de sus trabajadores es la más adecuada y que si el medio publicitario que actualmente usa la ferretería es el que los clientes prefieren para conocer de los productos brindados por dicha ferretería. En los resultados se pretendió obtener el análisis de si el medio publicitario está siendo efectivo en el cliente al momento de realizar sus compras en ferretería Agrosmat Matagalpa

The role of the CNR1 gene in schizophrenia: a systematic review including unpublished data

Objective: Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disorder. It is known that a combination of extensive multiple common alleles may be involved in its etiology, each contributing with a small to moderate effect, and, possibly, some rare alleles with a much larger effect size. We aimed to perform a systematic review of association studies between schizophrenia (and its subphenotypes) and polymorphisms in the CNR1 gene, which encodes cannabinoid receptors classically implicated in schizophrenia pathophysiology, as well as to present unpublished results of an association study in a Brazilian population. Methods: Two reviewers independently searched for eligible studies and extracted outcome data using a structured form. Papers were retrieved from PubMed and ISI Web of Knowledge using the search term schizophrenia in combination with CNR1 or CB1 or cannabinoid receptor. Twenty-four articles met our inclusion criteria. We additionally present data from a study of our own comparing 182 patients with schizophrenia and 244 healthy controls. Results: No consistent evidence is demonstrated. Conclusion: Some seemingly positive association studies stress the need for further investigations of the possible role of endocannabinoid genetics in schizophrenia

The endocannabinoid system in mental disorders: Evidence from human brain studies

Mental disorders have a high prevalence compared with many other health conditions and are the leading cause of disability worldwide. Several studies performed in the last years support the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the etiopathogenesis of different mental disorders. The present review will summarize the latest information on the role of the endocannabinoid system in psychiatric disorders, specifically depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. We will focus on the findings from human brain studies regarding alterations in endocannabinoid levels, cannabinoid receptors and endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes in patients suffering mental disorders. Studies carried out in humans have consistently demonstrated that the endocannabinoid system is fundamental for emotional homeostasis and cognitive function. Thus, deregulation of the different elements that are part of the endocannabinoid system may contribute to the pathophysiology of several mental disorders. However, the results reported are controversial. In this sense, different alterations in gene and/or protein expression of CB1 receptors have been shown depending on the technical approach used or the brain region studied. Despite the current discrepancies regarding cannabinoid receptors changes in depression and schizophrenia, present findings point to the endocannabinoid system as a pivotal neuromodulatory pathway relevant in the pathophysiology of mental disorders.This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2015-67457-R, MINECO/FEDER), the Plan Estatal de I+D+i 2013-2016, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación, Spanish Ministry of Economy, FEDER (PI13/01529) and the Basque Government (IT616/13). I I-L is a recipient of a Predoctoral Fellowship from the Basque Government. E F-Z is a recipient of a Predoctoral Fellowship from the University of Cantabria. CM is a recipient of a Postdoctoral Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (H2020-MSCA-IF-2016, ID 747487)

ACSL6 Is Associated with the Number of Cigarettes Smoked and Its Expression Is Altered by Chronic Nicotine Exposure

Individuals with schizophrenia tend to be heavy smokers and are at high risk for tobacco dependence. However, the nature of the comorbidity is not entirely clear. We previously reported evidence for association of schizophrenia with SNPs and SNP haplotypes in a region of chromosome 5q containing the SPEC2, PDZ-GEF2 and ACSL6 genes. In this current study, analysis of the control subjects of the Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia (MGS) sample showed similar pattern of association with number of cigarettes smoked per day (numCIG) for the same region. To further test if this locus is associated with tobacco smoking as measured by numCIG and FTND, we conducted replication and meta-analysis in 12 independent samples (n>16,000) for two markers in ACSL6 reported in our previous schizophrenia study. In the meta-analysis of the replication samples, we found that rs667437 and rs477084 were significantly associated with numCIG (p = 0.00038 and 0.00136 respectively) but not with FTND scores. We then used in vitro and in vivo techniques to test if nicotine exposure influences the expression of ACSL6 in brain. Primary cortical culture studies showed that chronic (5-day) exposure to nicotine stimulated ACSL6 mRNA expression. Fourteen days of nicotine administration via osmotic mini pump also increased ACSL6 protein levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice. These increases were suppressed by injection of the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, suggesting that elevated expression of ACSL6 requires nicotinic receptor activation. These findings suggest that variations in the ACSL6 gene may contribute to the quantity of cigarettes smoked. The independent associations of this locus with schizophrenia and with numCIG in non-schizophrenic subjects suggest that this locus may be a common liability to both conditions

Brain imaging genetics of complex cognitive and neuropsychiatric traits

Posthuma, D. [Promotor]White, T. [Copromotor

Heritability of Age of Onset of Psychosis in Schizophrenia

reporte técnico (arbitrado) -- Universidad de Costa Rica. Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular, 2009. Este documento es privado debido a limitaciones de derechos de autorSchizophrenia is a genetically complex illness with heterogeneous clinical presentation, including variable age ofonset. In this study, the heritability, or proportion of variation in age of onset of psychotic symptoms due to genetic factors, was estimated using a maximum likelihood method. The subjects were 717 members of families with more than one member affected with schizophrenia from Mexican and CentralAmerican populations. Age of onset of psychosis was determined by best-estimate consensus diagnosis based on the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies, Family Interview for Genetic Studies, and each subject’s medical records. Mean age of onset was 21.44 years (SD 8.07); 20.55 years for males (SD 6.90), and 22.67 for females (SD 9.34). Variance components were estimated using a polygenic model in the SOLAR software package. The sex of the participant was a significant covariate (P¼0.010) accountingfor 0.02 of the total variance in age ofonset. The heritability of age of onset of psychosis was 0.33 (SE¼0.09; P¼0.00004). These findings suggest that genetic factors significantly contribute to the age of onset of psychotic symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia and that sex influences this trait as well.Universidad de Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular (CIBCM