L'ubiquité de la justice pénale, un mythe républicain

International audienceWhile indivisibility is promoted by the French Republic as a pillar of its legitimacy, its application has met difficulties in the judicial field. Yet Justice should, in the interests of this principle, be applied equally across the national territory. However, crosschecking a quantitative analysis with a series of interviews with public prosecutors, who are central actors in French courts, makes it clear that substantial differences exist in the implementation of national policy in cases of criminal offense. Initiatives taken by these judicial actors, sometimes as a result of the distribution of human and financial resources decided at a national level, fragment the French judicial territory and relegate the ubiquity of justice to the rank of mere Republican myth.Alors que l’indivisibilité est promue par la République comme un des piliers de sa légitimité, son application connaît des failles dans le domaine judiciaire. La justice devrait pourtant, au nom de ce principe, s’appliquer en tout lieu du territoire national, et ce de manière égale. Or, le croisement d’une analyse quantitative et d’une série d’entretiens auprès des procureurs de la République, acteurs centraux des juridictions françaises, force à constater qu’il existe de réelles disparités dans l’application de la politique nationale en matière de délit. Les initiatives de ces acteurs judiciaires parfois induites par la répartition des moyens humains et financiers décidée à l’échelle nationale morcellent le territoire judiciaire français et relègue l’ubiquité de la justice au rang de mythe républicain

Accounting for the effects of AIDS on growth in Sub-Saharan Africa

URL des Documents de travail : http://centredeconomiesorbonne.univ-paris1.fr/bandeau-haut/documents-de-travail/Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2011.09 - ISSN : 1955-611XIn this paper, we first, perform a quantitative assessment of the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on growth. Second, we precisely account for the effects of the epidemic on income per capita through human and physical capital accumulations, population and labor force. That is, we disentangle the effect on the different sources of short and long run growth. Using a dynamic panel of 46 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 1981-2007, we show that HIV/AIDS has negative, significant and long-lasting effects on demography and growth. According to the estimates presented, GDP per working age population will be 12% lower in the long-run for the average African country than it should be if the epidemic had not spread out. However, the impact is huge for the countries experiencing a high prevalence rate. To tackle the endogeneity issue of HIV/AIDS, we provide a new series of HIV prevalence rate build from the estimation of the propagation dynamic of the epidemic.L'objectif de cet article est de mesurer l'impact du HIV/SIDA sur la croissance en Afrique Sub-Saharienne. Une comptabilité précise de l'effet du SIDA sur le revenu par tête à travers l'accumulation de capital humain et physique, et l'impact sur la population et l'offre de travail est effectuée. Il s'agit de distinguer les effets sur les sources de la croissance de court et long terme. En utilisant des données de panel de 46 pays d'Afrique Sub-Saharienne sur la période 1981-2007, nous montrons que le Sida a un impact négatif, significatif et persistant sur la démographie et la croissance. Selon nos estimations, le PIB par tête est 12% en dessous de son niveau de long terme dans le pays moyen par rapport à ce qu'il aurait été en l'absence du Sida. Cependant, l'impact est beaucoup plus important pour les pays connaissant un taux de prévalence du Sida très élevé. Pour répondre au biais d'endogénéité lié au Sida, nous avons construit une variable exogène de taux de prévalence du Sida en fonction de la dynamique de propagation de l'épidémie

Digestive enzyme activity and food ingesta in juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) as a function of body weight

A study was conducted to evaluate variations of digestive enzyme activities in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in commercial ponds under semi-intensive conditions. Shrimp were collected at each body weight increase of 2 g. As the shrimp grew (2^12 g), signi¢cant increases in the activities of lipase and chymotrypsinwere observed. The total protease activity decreased from 6 g onwards. Trypsin activity showed a peak at 6 g and amylase activity increased two-fold after 2 g. Additionally, the stomach contents were analysed microscopically for shrimp between 2 and 10 g. Plant matter contributed above 30% of the total stomach content in 6-, 8- and 10-g shrimp. Detritus represented 58% and 62% of the total stomach content in 2- and 4-g shrimp, respectively, decreasing to 33^43% at greater shrimp weights. Arti¢cial feed showed amaximumcontribution of 20% in 6-g shrimp. The present results show changes in the enzyme activity after the shrimp reach 6 g in body weight, evidenced by a decrease in total protease and an increase in lipase and amylase activities. The amylase/protease ratio was 2.6 in 2-g shrimp and increased steadily to 9.6 in 12-g shrimp. These ¢ndings suggest an adaptation of the enzymatic activity to diets with lower protein content as body weight increases, and may be related to the variation of the di¡erent items found in the stomach

Hormonal control of tryptic enzyme activity in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua): Involvement of cholecystokinin during ontogeny and diurnal rhythm

Highlights • We describe the ontogenetic development of CCK and tryptic enzyme activity in larval cod • CCK is known to play a key role in regulating digestive processes • CCK concentrations increased during ontogeny suggesting a growing role in regulating digestive processes • A short-term experiment reveals a feedback mechanism between CCK and tryptic enzyme activity • Cod larvae have limited regulatory and digestive capacity to handle several meals in a short period The ontogenetic development of the gut hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) and the key proteolytic enzyme trypsin was described in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua) from first-feeding until 38 days post first-feeding (dpff). CCK is known to play a major role in the endocrine control of digestive processes in mammals and adult fish, but its regulatory role in the larval stages of marine fish is largely unknown. Only small amounts of CCK were found in the body (excluding head) in cod larvae at first-feeding, but CCK levels increased exponentially with development, suggesting a more pronounced role of CCK during ontogeny. Tryptic enzyme activity increased slightly until a standard length of ca. 8 mm (approx. 33 days dpff) with a significant increase in larvae larger than 8 mm standard length, indicating limited digestive capacity in the early stages. To entangle the short-term feedback mechanism between CCK and tryptic enzyme activity, we conducted a 12 hour feeding experiment at 21 dpff. Cod larvae receiving only algae revealed a noticeable response in tryptic enzyme activity within two hours in the morning, whereas larvae fed algae and rotifers at the same time showed a slightly delayed response up to four hours. Tryptic enzyme activity remained low in the group receiving only algae as well as the two fed groups in the afternoon. No reaction in tryptic enzyme activity was observed in larvae that received a second meal of rotifers in the afternoon, indicating limited regulatory and digestive capacity to handle several meals in a short period. CCK levels remained relatively constant throughout the day but increased in the afternoon in all three groups when tryptic enzyme activity was low, suggesting that a negative feedback mechanism between CCK and tryptic enzyme activity is present in larval cod at least from 21 dpff

Fish larval nutrition and feed formulation: knowledge gaps and bottlenecks for advances in larval rearing

Despite considerable progress in recent years, many questions regarding fish larval nutrition remain largely unanswered, and several research avenues remain open. A holistic understanding of the supply line of nutrients is important for developing diets for use in larval culture and for the adaptation of rearing conditions that meet the larval requirements for the optimal presentation of food organisms and/or microdiets. The aim of the present review is to revise the state of the art and to pinpoint the gaps in knowledge regarding larval nutritional requirements, the nutritional value of live feeds and challenges and opportunities in the development of formulated larval diets.Norwegian Ministry of Fisheries; Research Council of Norway [CODE-199482, GutFeeling-190019]; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation MICINN + FEDER/ERDF [AGL2007-64450-C02-01, CSD2007-0002]; project HYDRAA [PTDC/MAR/71685/2006]; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal; FEDER; EC [LIFECYCLE- 222719]; EU RTD [FA0801]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Un témoin de la production du livre juridique à Oxford : Poitiers, Médiathèque François Mitterrand, ms. 122 (139)

Le manuscrit 122 (139) de la Médiathèque de Poitiers est un exemplaire médiéval de la collection de droit canonique des Décrétales de Grégoire IX. D’après l’étude codicologique et l’analyse du décor, ce manuscrit a été produit à Oxford au troisième quart du xiiie siècle et enluminé par un artiste qui s’inscrit dans la lignée de Guillaume de Brailes qui a exercé dans le quartier de Catte Street. Il présente un cycle peint qui révèle des spécificités propres à la tradition anglaise. La réception de ce manuscrit est tout à fait exceptionnelle. Des dessins à l’encre et des textes versifiés témoignent de la volonté du commanditaire d’assimiler un texte canonique complexe. L’étude du texte, du cycle peint et du décor marginal nous invite à penser que ce manuscrit pourrait avoir été produit pour Boniface de Savoye. Ce manuscrit commémore précisément les hauts faits de la carrière ecclésiale de l’archevêque de Canterbury au service du royaume d’Angleterre peu avant son départ pour la Savoie où il se retire en 1269.The manuscript 122 (139) is kept at the library of Poitiers. It is a medieval book from the collection of canon law called Decretalesof Gregorius IX. The codicological study and ornementation analysis reveal that the manuscript was produced in Oxford, during the third quarter of the 13th century and was illuminated by an artist in line with Willelmus of Brailes, whose practice was located in Catte Street area. The manuscript includes a painted cycle with typical English specifities. The manuscript reception is exceptional. Ink drawings and versified texts show the willing of the owner to learn a complex text of canon law. The study of the text, the painted cycle and the marginal decoration prove that this manuscript might have been written for Boniface of Savoye for it precisely commemorates the feats accomplished during the ecclesial career of the archbishop of Canterbury when he served the English kingdom, shortly before his departure for Savoye as a retirement place in 1269

Le manuscrit 150 de la Bibliothèque municipale d’Avranches, un unicum ?

Les bibliothèques médiévales de Normandie ont conservé de nombreux livres de droit civil et canonique, qui témoignent de la place importante accordée à l’étude du droit dans cette région. La bibliothèque du Mont-Saint-Michel conserve, par exemple, de nombreux manuscrits juridiques. Parmi les manuscrits de droit canonique, nous pouvons ainsi dénombrer la présence de cinq manuscrits du Liber Extra. Ces manuscrits découlent principalement de donations, d’achats et de copies. Le Mont-Saint-Michel..

Nutritional situation for larval Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.) in two nursery areas in thewestern Baltic Sea

The Greifswalder Bodden (GWB) is considered to be the most important spawning and nursery area for the western Baltic spring-spawning herring. However, the biotic and abiotic reasons for this are still unclear. Consequently, we investigated larval growth conditions in the GWB and in the Kiel Canal (KC), another nursery and spawning area of Baltic herring. We investigated prey quantity and quality [copepod abundance and essential fatty acid (EFA) concentration] as well as biochemically derived growth rates and fatty acid content of larval herring in spring 2011. A significant correlation between larval growth and larval EFA concentration could be observed in the GWB. The highest growth rates and EFA concentrations in the larval herring coincided with high food quality. Compensating effects of food quality on food quantity and vice versa could be observed in both the GWB and the KC. While larval growth rates in the KC were high early in the season, highest growth rates in the GWB were achieved late in the season. In conclusion, neither area was superior to the other, indicating similar growth conditions for larval herring within the region