Efectos de la posición de un detalle seductor ilustrado en la comprensión y el recuerdo de un texto de físico química

Se estudió el efecto de incluir un detalle seductor ilustrado (texto e imagen) sobre la comprensión y el recuerdo de un texto de físico química, en función de su posición al inicio o al final del material. Se buscó poner a prueba la hipótesis de la integración desviada, según la cual el detalle seductor (información interesante pero tangencial) conduciría al lector hacia una integración del texto con conocimientos previos alejados de los propósitos educacionales del mensaje, afectando su comprensión y su recuerdo. Los participantes leyeron un texto de físico química en una de tres versiones: sin el detalle (condición Sólo Texto), con el detalle en la primera página (condición Detalle Seductor Temprano), o con el detalle en la última página del texto (condición Detalle Seductor Tardío). Se registraron indicadores de comprensión y de recuerdo inmediato (luego de la lectura) y diferido (una semana después). Los resultados mostraron que el grupo en la condición Detalle Seductor Temprano presentó los puntajes más bajos tanto en comprensión inferencial como en recuerdo diferido. Estos resultados son interpretados a la luz de la hipótesis de la integración desviada.The effect of including an illustrated seductive detail (text plus image) on recall and comprehension as a function of placing the detail at the beginning or at the end of a text of physical chemistry was examined. The aim of the study was to test the diverted integration hypothesis, which claims that a seductive detail (interesting but tangential information) can mislead readers to integrate the message with diverted previous knowledge, thus affecting recall and comprehension. Participants read a text on physical chemistry in one of three versions: without the detail (Text Only condition), with the detail embedded in the first page (Early Seductive Detail condition), or with the detail embedded in the last page of the text (Late Seductive Detail condition). Comprehension and immediate (after reading) and late (after seven days) recall outcomes were collected. Results showed the lowest scores in inferential comprehension and in delayed recall for the Early Seductive Detail condition. These results are interpreted in light of the diverted integration hypothesis.Fil: Saux, Gaston Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Investigaciones; ArgentinaFil: Azcurra Arndt, Pablo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Investigaciones; ArgentinaFil: Buján, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Investigaciones; ArgentinaFil: Burin, Debora Ines. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Investigaciones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Mutualisms drive plant trait evolution beyond interaction‐related traits

Mutualisms have driven the evolution of extraordinary structures and behavioural traits, but their impact on traits beyond those directly involved in the interaction remains unclear. We addressed this gap using a highly evolutionarily replicated system – epiphytes in the Rubiaceae forming symbioses with ants. We employed models that allow us to test the influence of discrete mutualistic traits on continuous non‐mutualistic traits. Our findings are consistent with mutualism shaping the pace of morphological evolution, strength of selection and long‐term mean of non‐mutualistic traits in function of mutualistic dependency. While specialised and obligate mutualisms are associated with slower trait change, less intimate, facultative and generalist mutualistic interactions – which are the most common – have a greater impact on non‐mutualistic trait evolution. These results challenge the prevailing notion that mutualisms solely affect the evolution of interaction‐related traits via stabilizing selection and instead demonstrate a broader role for mutualisms in shaping trait evolution

Convergence in carnivorous pitcher plants reveals a mechanism for composite trait evolution.

Composite traits involve multiple components that, only when combined, gain a new synergistic function. Thus, how they evolve remains a puzzle. We combined field experiments, microscopy, chemical analyses, and laser Doppler vibrometry with comparative phylogenetic analyses to show that two carnivorous pitcher plant species independently evolved similar adaptations in three distinct traits to acquire a new, composite trapping mechanism. Comparative analyses suggest that this new trait arose convergently through "spontaneous coincidence" of the required trait combination, rather than directional selection in the component traits. Our results indicate a plausible mechanism for composite trait evolution and highlight the importance of stochastic phenotypic variation as a facilitator of evolutionary novelty

Linear relations among pigeon pea traits

The objective of this research was to evaluate the linear relations among pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), cultivar BRS Mandarim, traits and identify the ones applied for indirect selection. Two uniformity experiments were carried out, in an experimental area located 29º42’S, 53º49’W and with 95m of altitude, selecting 360 plants per experiment, totaling 720 plants. For each plant, the number of nodes was counted and the height and stem diameter were measured, for ten evaluation times (62, 69, 76, 83, 90, 98, 104, 111, 119 and 125 days after sowing - DAS) in the first experiment and 18 times (44, 51, 58, 65, 72, 79, 86, 93, 100, 107, 114, 120, 128, 135, 141, 148, 156 and 162 DAS) in the second experiment. During plant flowering, i.e. the 125 DAS in the first experiment and 162 DAS in the second experiment, the fresh and dry mass for each plant was obtained. The sigmoidal model was adjusted and it was studied the relations among the traits through correlation and path analysis. In the pigeon pea crop, the stem diameter has a positive and linear relation with the fresh and dry mass and it can be used for indirect selection.The objective of this research was to evaluate the linear relations among pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), cultivar BRS Mandarim, traits and identify the ones applied for indirect selection. Two uniformity experiments were carried out, in an experimental area located 29º42’S, 53º49’W and with 95m of altitude, selecting 360 plants per experiment, totaling 720 plants. For each plant, the number of nodes was counted and the height and stem diameter were measured, for ten evaluation times (62, 69, 76, 83, 90, 98, 104, 111, 119 and 125 days after sowing - DAS) in the first experiment and 18 times (44, 51, 58, 65, 72, 79, 86, 93, 100, 107, 114, 120, 128, 135, 141, 148, 156 and 162 DAS) in the second experiment. During plant flowering, i.e. the 125 DAS in the first experiment and 162 DAS in the second experiment, the fresh and dry mass for each plant was obtained. The sigmoidal model was adjusted and it was studied the relations among the traits through correlation and path analysis. In the pigeon pea crop, the stem diameter has a positive and linear relation with the fresh and dry mass and it can be used for indirect selection

Vulnerabilidade das microrregiões da Região Sul do Brasil à pandemia do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2)

This is the first report of the ‘Observatório COVID191 - Grupo: Redes de Contágio – Laboratório de Estudos de Defesa’ for the South region of Brazil. We have combined data of confirmed cases of the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) for the South available up to 17/04/2020, with structural analyses of road networks, from within and between states, to estimate the vulnerability and potential influence of the South micro-regions to propagate the disease.Este é o primeiro relatório do Observatório COVID19 - Grupo: Redes de Contágio – Laboratório de Estudos de Defesa para a região Sul do Brasil. Combinamos dados de casos confirmados do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) para o Sul, disponíveis até o dia 17/04/2020, com análises estruturais da rede de rotas rodoviárias intra e interestaduais para estimarmos a vulnerabilidade e potencial influência das microrregiões sulinas na propagação da doença

Vulnerabilidade estrutural dos hospitais e cemitérios e crematórios da cidade de São Paulo à COVID-19

This is the first report by the COVID19 Observatory - Group: Contagion Networks analyzing mortality data from the city of São Paulo. In this report, we integrated mortality data for the city of São Paulo between 04/02/2020 and 04/28/2020, with information on the flow of victims between hospitals and cemeteries/crematoriums. We included in our analyzes both confirmed and suspected deaths from COVID-19. The main objectives of this report were: (1) to describe the structure of the flow of victims between locations and (2) to suggest changes in the current flow based on geographical distances in order to avoid a potential overload of the mortuary system. We suggest that the city of São Paulo should plan for a potential overload of the mortuary system (that is, the number of burials), based on the presented results. Thus, our results reinforce the need to adopt specific planning for the management of the extraordinary number of victims of this pandemic. Our predictions are based on the structural analysis of the COVID-19 victim flow network, which shows several hotspots with high vulnerability to system overload. These hotspots concentrate with either the greatest number of deaths (hospital) or of burials (cemetery or crematorium), and therefore have high potential to become overwhelmed by receiving many bodies due to the increase in victims of the pandemic. We recommend special attention to be given to localities on the east side of São Paulo, which has both the most vulnerable hospitals in the city, and also houses cemeteries and crematoriums that have a central role in the network and / or are vulnerable. Based on our optimization analysis, we suggest logistical changes in the current flow of bodies from hospitals to cemeteries/crematoriums so as not to overload the funeral system and minimize transportation costs. In this sense, our results are potentially useful for improving the operational planning of the Municipality of São Paulo, ratifying or rectifying actions underway at the municipal level.Este é o primeiro relatório do Observatório COVID19 - Grupo: Redes de Contágio analisando os dados de óbitos da cidade de São Paulo. Neste relatório, integramos os dados de óbitos da cidade de São Paulo entre os dias 02/04/2020 e 28/04/2020 com informações sobre o fluxo de vítimas entre os hospitais e os cemitérios e crematórios da cidade de São Paulo. Incluímos em nossas análises óbitos confirmados e óbitos suspeitos de COVID-19. Os principais objetivos deste relatório são: (1) descrever a estrutura do fluxo de vítimas entre localidades e (2) sugerir mudanças no fluxo com base em distâncias geográficas de maneira a evitar uma potencial sobrecarga do sistema funerário. Sugere-se à prefeitura da cidade de São Paulo que seja realizado um planejamento para uma potencial sobrecarga do sistema funerário (isto é, número de sepultamentos) da cidade de São Paulo com base nos resultados apresentados. Desta forma, nossos resultados reforçam a necessidade de ser adotado planejamento específico para a gestão dos casos extraordinários visualizados no contexto da pandemia. Esta previsão está baseada na análise estrutural da rede de fluxos de vítimas da COVID-19, que indica a concentração de vários locais com alta vulnerabilidade à sobrecarga do sistema. Tais locais concentram a maior quantidade de óbitos (hospitais) ou a maior concentração de sepultamentos (cemitérios ou crematórios) e tem portanto alto potencial de tornarem-se sobrecarregados por receberem muitos corpos devido ao aumento de vítimas da pandemia. Recomenda-se especial atenção à localidades da zona leste de São Paulo, que apresenta os hospitais mais vulneráveis da cidade e abriga cemitérios e crematórios que possuem papel central na rede e/ou encontram-se vulneráveis. Com base em nossa análise de otimização, sugerimos mudanças logísticas no atual fluxo de corpos de hospitais para cemitérios/crematórios de modo a não sobrecarregar o sistema funerário e minimizar os custos de transporte. Neste sentido, nossos resultados são potencialmente úteis ao aperfeiçoamento do planejamento operacional da Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo, ratificando ou retificando ações em curso no âmbito municipal

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis