Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018.

Over the past decade, the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) has formulated guidelines for the definition and interpretation of cell death from morphological, biochemical, and functional perspectives. Since the field continues to expand and novel mechanisms that orchestrate multiple cell death pathways are unveiled, we propose an updated classification of cell death subroutines focusing on mechanistic and essential (as opposed to correlative and dispensable) aspects of the process. As we provide molecularly oriented definitions of terms including intrinsic apoptosis, extrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-driven necrosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, NETotic cell death, lysosome-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, cellular senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, we discuss the utility of neologisms that refer to highly specialized instances of these processes. The mission of the NCCD is to provide a widely accepted nomenclature on cell death in support of the continued development of the field

Forestry planning in uneven-aged forest

Intresset för olika hyggesfria skogsbruksmetoder ökar men frågan är hur en skogsbruksplan kan anpassas till detta och vilken metod som kan användas. Denna studie inriktade sig på att mäta i fullskiktade skogar med enkla verktyg för att få ut beståndsdata till nytta för skötseln och att användas till en skogsbruksplan. För att få fram diameterspridningen klavades träden. Det krävdes minst 600 m2 för att få tillräcklig kvalitet i diameterspridning. För volymen jämfördes klavning, relaskopmätning och laserdata. Resultatet visade att det är svårt att mäta volym i fullskiktade bestånd beroende på tätheten och ojämnheten. Inte minst gäller detta relaskopmätning som undervärderade volymen. Klavning och laserdata fick ungefär samma precision. Studien visade också att tidsåtgången i fält för klavning jämfört med vanlig planläggning med relaskop endast skiljde några få minuter. Om klavning kombineras med att hämta volymen från laserdata kan till och med denna metod vara mer tidseffektiv

Public libraries as an infrastructure for a sustainable public sphere: A comprehensive review of research

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the shaping of public libraries as an infrastructure for a sustainable public sphere through a comprehensive literature review. Design/methodology/approach: In order to capture the whole picture of this research field, we utilize comprehensive review methodology. The major research questions are: first, to what extent have research topics regarding libraries as public sphere institutions expanded and diversified? Which theoretical perspectives inform research? Second, which challenges and topics does the research focus upon, such as: social inclusion and equal access to information; digital inequalities; censorship and freedom of expression; and access to places and spaces with a democratic potential and the role of libraries in that respect? Third, what influence has social media exerted on libraries in the context of the expanding digital world? Findings: The authors identified mainly four themes regarding the public library and public sphere, such as: the importance of public libraries by using Habermas’s theory; the function of meeting places within the public library and setting those places in the center of the library in order to enhance and encourage democracy; the relationship between social inclusion and public libraries and its functions in current society such as diminishing the digital divide; and the emerging electronic resources and arena of SNS in public libraries and utilizing them to reach citizens. Originality/value: Capturing the recent history of this research field through comprehensive review is valuabl

Public libraries as public sphere institutions: A comparative study of perceptions of the public library’s role in six European countries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of public libraries as institutions underpinning a democratic public sphere as reasons legitimizing libraries compared to reasons that are more traditional and the actual use of libraries as public sphere arenas. Design/methodology/approach – A survey of representative samples of the adult population in six countries–Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Hungary and Switzerland–was undertaken. Findings – Legitimations related to the libraries role as a meeting place and arena for public debate are ranked as the 3 least important out of 12 possible legitimations for upholding a public library service. Libraries are, however, used extensively by the users to access citizenship information and to participate in public sphere relevant meetings. Originality/value – Few studies have empirically analyzed the role of libraries in upholding a democratic and sustainable public sphere. This study contributes in filling that gap

Public libraries as public sphere institutions: A comparative study of perceptions of the public library’s role in six European countries

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of public libraries as institutions underpinning a democratic public sphere as reasons legitimizing libraries compared to reasons that are more traditional and the actual use of libraries as public sphere arenas. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of representative samples of the adult population in six countries – Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Germany, Hungary and Switzerland – was undertaken. Findings: Legitimations related to the libraries role as a meeting place and arena for public debate are ranked as the 3 least important out of 12 possible legitimations for upholding a public library service. Libraries are, however, used extensively by the users to access citizenship information and to participate in public sphere relevant meetings. Originality/value: Few studies have empirically analyzed the role of libraries in upholding a democratic and sustainable public sphere. This study contributes in filling that gap

Altered cognitive performance and synaptic function in the hippocampus of mice lacking C3.

Previous work implicated the complement system in adult neurogenesis as well as elimination of synapses in the developing and injured CNS. In the present study, we used mice lacking the third complement component (C3) to elucidate the role the complement system plays in hippocampus-dependent learning and synaptic function. We found that the constitutive absence of C3 is associated with enhanced place and reversal learning in adult mice. Our findings of lower release probability at CA3-CA1 glutamatergic synapses in combination with unaltered overall efficacy of these synapses in C3 deficient mice implicate C3 as a negative regulator of the number of functional glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus. The C3 deficient mice showed no signs of spontaneous epileptiform activity in the hippocampus. We conclude that C3 plays a role in the regulation of the number and function of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus and exerts negative effects on hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance

Paracetamol analogues conjugated by FAAH induce TRPV1-mediated antinociception without causing acute liver toxicity

Paracetamol, one of the most widely used pain-relieving drugs, is deacetylated to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) that undergoes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)-dependent biotransformation into N-arachidonoylphenolamine (AM404), which mediates TRPV1-dependent antinociception in the brain of rodents. However, paracetamol is also converted to the liver-toxic metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine already at therapeutic doses, urging for safer paracetamol analogues. Primary amine analogues with chemical structures similar to paracetamol were evaluated for their propensity to undergo FAAH-dependent N-arachidonoyl conjugation into TRPV1 activators both in vitro and in vivo in rodents. The antinociceptive and antipyretic activity of paracetamol and primary amine analogues was examined with regard to FAAH and TRPV1 as well as if these analogues produced acute liver toxicity. 5-Amino-2-methoxyphenol (2) and 5-aminoindazole (3) displayed efficient target protein interactions with a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the mice formalin test, which in the second phase was dependent on FAAH and TRPV1. No hepatotoxicity of the FAAH substrates transformed into TRPV1 activators was observed. While paracetamol attenuates pyrexia via inhibition of brain cyclooxygenase, its antinociceptive FAAH substrate 4-AP was not antipyretic, suggesting separate mechanisms for the antipyretic and antinociceptive effect of paracetamol. Furthermore, compound 3 reduced fever without a brain cyclooxygenase inhibitory action. The data support our view that analgesics and antipyretics without liver toxicity can be derived from paracetamol. Thus, research into the molecular actions of paracetamol could pave the way for the discovery of analgesics and antipyretics with a better benefit-to-risk ratio. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.Funding Agencies|Medical Faculty of Lund University [ALFSKANE-450751]; AFA Forsakring [140376]; Hjarnfonden [FO2019-0316]; Stiftelsen Olle Engkvist ByggmastareSwedish Research Council [189-290]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research CouncilEuropean Commission [07879]; Royal Physiographic Society, Lund Sweden; Clermont Auvergne University, INSERM; Agence Nationale de la Recherche of the French government through the program "Investissements dAvenir (I-Site CAP 20-25)French National Research Agency (ANR)</p

After Lisbon: National Parliaments in the European Union

The role of national parliaments in EU matters has become an important subject in the debate over the democratic legitimacy of European Union decision-making. Strengthening parliamentary scrutiny and participation rights at both the domestic and the European level is often seen as an effective measure to address the perceived 'democratic deficit' of the EU - the reason for affording them a prominent place in the newly introduced 'Provisions on Democratic Principles' of the Union (in particular Article 12 TEU). Whether this aim can be met, however, depends crucially on the degree and the manner in which national parliaments actually make use of their institutional rights. This volume therefore aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the activities of national parliaments in the post-Lisbon era. This includes the 'classic' scrutiny of EU legislation, but also parliamentary involvement in EU foreign policy, the use of new parliamentary participation rights of the Lisbon Treaty (Early Warning System), their role regarding the EU's response to the eurozone crisis and the, so far under-researched, role of parliamentary administrators in scrutiny processes. This introduction provides the guiding theoretical framework for the contributions. Based on neo-institutionalist approaches, it discusses institutional capacities and political motivation as the two key explanatory factors in the analysis of parliamentary involvement in EU affairs