15 research outputs found
Accuracy and comparison of sensor-based gait speed estimations under standardized and daily life conditions in children undergoing rehabilitation
Background: Gait speed is a widely used outcome measure to assess the walking abilities of children undergoing rehabilitation. It is routinely determined during a walking test under standardized conditions, but it remains unclear whether these outcomes reflect the children's performance in daily life. An ankle-worn inertial sensor provides a usable opportunity to measure gait speed in the children's habitual environment. However, sensor-based gait speed estimations need to be accurate to allow for comparison of the children's gait speed between a test situation and daily life. Hence, the first aim of this study was to determine the measurement error of a novel algorithm that estimates gait speed based on data of a single ankle-worn inertial sensor in children undergoing rehabilitation. The second aim of this study was to compare the children's gait speed between standardized and daily life conditions.
Methods: Twenty-four children with walking impairments completed four walking tests at different speeds (standardized condition) and were monitored for one hour during leisure or school time (daily life condition). We determined accuracy by comparing sensor-based gait speed estimations with a reference method in both conditions. Eventually, we compared individual gait speeds between the two conditions.
Results: The measurement error was 0.01 ± 0.07 m/s under the standardized and 0.04 ± 0.06 m/s under the daily life condition. Besides, the majority of children did not use the same speed during the test situation as in daily life.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates an accurate method to measure children's gait speed during standardized walking tests and in the children's habitual environment after rehabilitation. It only requires a single ankle sensor, which potentially increases wearing time and data quality of measurements in daily life. We recommend placing the sensor on the less affected side, unless the child wears one orthosis. In this latter case, the sensor should be placed on the side with the orthosis. Moreover, this study showed that most children did not use the same speed in the two conditions, which encourages the use of wearable inertial sensors to assess the children's walking performance in their habitual environment following rehabilitation.
Keywords: Clinical assessments; Data processing algorithm; Everyday life; Pediatric rehabilitation; Walking; Wearable inertial sensor
Cooling by Heat Conduction Inside Magnetic Flux Loops and the Moderate Cluster Cooling Flow Model
I study non-radiative cooling of X-ray emitting gas via heat conduction along
magnetic field lines inside magnetic flux loops in cooling flow clusters of
galaxies. I find that such heat conduction can reduce the fraction of energy
radiated in the X-ray band by a factor of 1.5-2. This non-radiative cooling
joins two other proposed non-radiative cooling processes, which can be more
efficient. These are mixing of cold and hot gas, and heat conduction initiated
by magnetic fields reconnection between hot and cold gas. These processes when
incorporated into the moderate cooling flow model lead to a general cooling
flow model with the following ingredients. (1) Cooling flow does occur, but
with a mass cooling rate about 10 times lower than in old versions of the
cooling flow model. Namely, heating occurs such that the effective age of the
cooling flow is much below the cluster age, but the heating can't prevent
cooling altogether. (2) The cooling flow region is in a non-steady state
evolution. (3) Non-radiative cooling of X-ray emitting gas can bring the model
to a much better agreement with observations. (4) The general behavior of the
cooling flow gas, and in particular the role played by magnetic fields, make
the intracluster medium in cooling flow clusters similar in some aspects to the
active solar corona.Comment: Submitted to MNRA
Simultaneous lesion and neuroanatomy segmentation in Multiple Sclerosis using deep neural networks
Segmentation of both white matter lesions and deep grey matter structures is
an important task in the quantification of magnetic resonance imaging in
multiple sclerosis. Typically these tasks are performed separately: in this
paper we present a single segmentation solution based on convolutional neural
networks (CNNs) for providing fast, reliable segmentations of multimodal
magnetic resonance images into lesion classes and normal-appearing grey- and
white-matter structures. We show substantial, statistically significant
improvements in both Dice coefficient and in lesion-wise specificity and
sensitivity, compared to previous approaches, and agreement with individual
human raters in the range of human inter-rater variability. The method is
trained on data gathered from a single centre: nonetheless, it performs well on
data from centres, scanners and field-strengths not represented in the training
dataset. A retrospective study found that the classifier successfully
identified lesions missed by the human raters.
Lesion labels were provided by human raters, while weak labels for other
brain structures (including CSF, cortical grey matter, cortical white matter,
cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus, subcortical GM structures and choroid
plexus) were provided by Freesurfer 5.3. The segmentations of these structures
compared well, not only with Freesurfer 5.3, but also with FSL-First and
Freesurfer 6.0
ECG-triggered non-enhanced MR angiography of peripheral arteries in comparison to DSA in patients with peripheral artery occlusive disease
Object: The purpose of this study was to evaluate peripheral non-enhanced-MRA (NE-MRA) acquired with a 3D Turbo Spin Echo sequence with electrocardiographt (ECG) triggering in comparison to Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) as the gold standard in symptomatic peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD) patients. Materials and methods: This IRB approved prospective study included 23 PAOD patients from whom three patients had to be excluded. The remaining 20 subjects were included in the analysis (15 male; mean age 62.4±15.3years). The patients first underwent DSA followed by NE-MRA on a 1.5-T whole body scanner within 24h after the DSA study. A NATIVE (Non-contrast Angiography of the Arteries and Veins) SPACE (Sampling Perfection with Application Optimized Contrast by using different flip angle Evolution) sequence at four levels (pelvis, upper leg, knee region and lower leg) was acquired. For evaluation purposes, subtracted standardized MIP (maximum intensity projection) images were generated from the NE-MRA data sets. Qualitative assessment of NE-MRA images in reference to the corresponding DSA images, as well as blinded stenosis grading of preselected segments in NE-MRA images were performed by two experienced readers. Image quality in 95 corresponding arterial segments was rated from 1 (good) to 4 (inadequate) directly comparing the NE-MRA with the corresponding DSA segment as the gold standard. Blinded stenosis grading consisted of 66 preselected stenoses rated from 1 (90%) in NE-MRA which were compared to the grade in the corresponding DSA. Results: The mean image quality of NE-MRA in comparison to DSA was 2.7±1.1 (reader 1) and 3.0±1.0 (reader 2). The kappa value indicating interobserver agreement was 0.34; readers 1 and 2 rated the image quality as good in 21% and 3%, sufficient in 19% and 41%, limited in 29% and 14% and inadequate in 31% and 42%, respectively. Stenosis graduation revealed significantly higher grades in NE-MRA (reader 1: 3.0±0.7, p<0.001 and reader 2: 3.1+0.8, p<0.001) compared to DSA (mean value DSA 2.7±0.8). The kappa value indicating interobserver agreement concerning stenosis grading was 0.59. Conclusion: NE-MRA revealed a relatively high number of inadequate quality segments. This is in line with recently published comparable studies of the similar SPACE NE-MRA techniques. Further advance of NE-MRA techniques remains desirable for patients with PAO
The flare model for X-ray variability of NGC 4258
We study the variability mechanism of active galactic nuclei (AGN) within the
framework of the flare model. To this end we examine the case of Seyfert/LINER
galaxy NGC 4258, which is observed at high inclination angle and exhibits rapid
fluctuations of the X-ray light curve. We construct a model light curve based
on the assumption of magnetic flares localized in the equatorial plane and
orbiting with Keplerian speed at each given radius. We calculate the level of
variability as a function of the inclination of an observer, taking into
account all effects of general relativity near a rotating supermassive black
hole. The variability level is a monotonic function of the source inclination.
It rises more rapidly for larger values of the black hole spin (Kerr parameter)
and for steeper emissivity (index beta of the radial profile). We compare the
expected level of variability for the viewing angle 81.6 deg, as inferred for
NGC 4258, with the case of moderate viewing angles about 30 deg, typical for
Seyfert type-1 galaxies. Highly inclined sources such as this one are
particularly suitable to test the flare model because the effects of orbital
motion, Doppler boosting and light bending are all expected to have maximum
when the accretion disk is seen almost edge-on. The model is consistent with
the NGC 4258 variability, where the obscuring material is thought to be
localized mainly towards the equatorial plane rather than forming a
geometrically thick torus. Once the intrinsic time-scales of the flare duration
are determined to better precision, this kind of highly inclined objects with a
precisely known mass of the black hole can be used to set independent
constraints on the spin parameter.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures; Astronomy & Astrophysics (this version includes
minor language corrections
Spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy of cooling clusters of galaxies
We present spatially resolved X-ray spectra taken with the EPIC cameras of
XMM-Newton of a sample of 17 cooling clusters and three non-cooling clusters
for comparison. The deprojected spectra are analyzed with a multi-temperature
model, independent of any a priori assumptions about the physics behind the
cooling and heating mechanisms. All cooling clusters show a central decrement
of the average temperature, most of them of a factor of ~2. At each radius
within the cooling region the gas is non-isothermal. The differential emission
measure distribution peaks near the maximum (ambient) temperature, and steeply
declines towards lower temperatures, proportional to T^3, or alternatively a
cut-off at about a quarter to half of the maximum temperature. In general, we
find a poor correlation between radio flux of the central galaxy and the
temperature decrement of the cooling flow. This is interpreted as evidence that
except for a few cases heating by a central AGN is not the most common cause of
weak cooling flows. We investigate the role of heat conduction by electrons and
find that the theoretically predicted conductivity rates are not high enough to
balance radiation losses. The differential emission measure distribution has
remarkable similarities with the predictions from coronal magnetic loop models.
Also the physical processes involved (radiative cooling, thermal conduction
along the loops, gravity) are similar for clusters loops and coronal loops. If
coronal loop models apply to clusters, we find that a few hundred loops per
scale height should be present. The typical loop sizes deduced from the
observed emission measure distribution are consistent with the characteristic
magnetic field sizes deduced from Faraday rotation measurements.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, main journal,
25 pages, 12 figure
Observational evidence for gravitationally trapped massive axion(-like) particles
Unexpected astrophysical observations can be explained by gravitationally
captured massive particles, which are produced inside the Sun or other Stars
and are accumulated over cosmic times. Their radiative decay in solar outer
space would give rise to a `self-irradiation' of the whole star, providing the
time-independent component of the corona heating source. In analogy with the
Sun-irradiated Earth atmosphere, the temperature and density gradient in the
corona - chromosphere transition region is suggestive for an omnipresent
irradiation of the Sun. The same scenario fits other astrophysical X-ray
observations. The radiative decay of a population of such elusive particles
mimics a hot gas. X-ray observatories, with an unrivalled sensitivity below ~10
keV, can search for such particles. The elongation angle relative to the Sun is
the relevant new parameter.Comment: 35 pages, LaTeX, 9 figures. Accepted by Astroparticle Physic
Accuracy and comparison of sensor-based gait speed estimations under standardized and daily life conditions in children undergoing rehabilitation
Background
Gait speed is a widely used outcome measure to assess the walking abilities of children undergoing rehabilitation. It is routinely determined during a walking test under standardized conditions, but it remains unclear whether these outcomes reflect the children's performance in daily life. An ankle-worn inertial sensor provides a usable opportunity to measure gait speed in the children's habitual environment. However, sensor-based gait speed estimations need to be accurate to allow for comparison of the children's gait speed between a test situation and daily life. Hence, the first aim of this study was to determine the measurement error of a novel algorithm that estimates gait speed based on data of a single ankle-worn inertial sensor in children undergoing rehabilitation. The second aim of this study was to compare the children’s gait speed between standardized and daily life conditions.
Methods
Twenty-four children with walking impairments completed four walking tests at different speeds (standardized condition) and were monitored for one hour during leisure or school time (daily life condition). We determined accuracy by comparing sensor-based gait speed estimations with a reference method in both conditions. Eventually, we compared individual gait speeds between the two conditions.
Results
The measurement error was 0.01 ± 0.07 m/s under the standardized and 0.04 ± 0.06 m/s under the daily life condition. Besides, the majority of children did not use the same speed during the test situation as in daily life.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates an accurate method to measure children's gait speed during standardized walking tests and in the children's habitual environment after rehabilitation. It only requires a single ankle sensor, which potentially increases wearing time and data quality of measurements in daily life. We recommend placing the sensor on the less affected side, unless the child wears one orthosis. In this latter case, the sensor should be placed on the side with the orthosis. Moreover, this study showed that most children did not use the same speed in the two conditions, which encourages the use of wearable inertial sensors to assess the children's walking performance in their habitual environment following rehabilitation.ISSN:1743-000