An Estimate of Changes in the Sun's Total Irradiance Caused by UV Irradiance Variations from 1874 to 1988

Enhanced emission from bright solar faculae is a source of significant variation in the sun's total irradiance. Relative to the emission from the quiet sun, facular emission is known to be considerably greater at UV wavelengths than at visible wavelengths. Determining the spectral dependence of facular emission is of interest for the physical insight this may provide to the origin of the sun's irradiance variations. It is also of interest because solar radiation at lambda less than 300 nm is almost totally absorbed in the Earth's atmosphere. Depending on the magnitude of the UV irradiance variations, changes in the sun's irradiance that penetrates to the Earth's surface may not be equivalent to total irradiance variations measured above the Earth's atmosphere. Using an empirical model of total irradiance variations which accounts separately for changes caused by bright faculae from those associated with dark sunspots, the contribution of UV irradiance variations to changes in the sun's total irradiance is estimated during solar cycles 12 to 21

VLED and formula LED in the management of type 2 diabetes: defining the clinical need and research requirements

It has been known for many years that substantial weight loss, achieved by bariatric surgery or non-surgical means can mean normalise glucose tolerance. Recent RCT evidence indicates that >15 kg weight loss is necessary, to this and it may lead to near normalisation (doubling) of life expectancy. Less than 5% of patients achieve this through even the best, evidence-based medical weight management programme (Counterweight www.counterweight.org ). A weight loss of >15 kg is easily achievable by 8 weeks VLED/LELD in compliant patients, with little difference between 400-800 kcal/day, but weight maintenance after VLED has until recently been so poor that VLEDs are not, at present, recommended in clinical guidelines. However, mean weight loss close to >15 kg can be maintained 18-24 months using a variety of maintenance strategies. These include a structured reintroduction of foods linked to an education programme with behavioural strategies, intermittent VLED use and prescribable anti-obesity drugs (dexfenfluramine, orlistat, sibutramine). Most of these studies have been in non-diabetic subjects. A new “curative” paradigm in T2DM management, aiming to normalise glucose tolerance and health risks by achieving and maintaining >15 kg loss, as soon as possible after diagnosis, should be highly acceptable to patients, generating many additional QALYs. It is likely to be highly cost-effective by avoiding the current recommended, mainly palliative, model, using polypharmacy which provides an overall risk reduction of only 5-10%.. Clinical trials are on-going to establish the feasibility of delivering formula (LELD) and a maintenance programme to large numbers of patients within routine primary care. There is urgent need, to run similar studies in diabetic patients. New approaches to long-term (lifelong) maintenance of weight loss and a non-diabetic state may include anti-obesity drugs

Becoming Lean pocket guide

This pocket guide aims to give an overview of what Lean is on a conceptual level, explain how Lean fits into the Higher Education setting, detail how Lean is being applied in the University, and give ideas about how Lean can be implemented in other areas of the University.Publisher PD

Dirac groupoids and Dirac bialgebroids

We describe infinitesimally Dirac groupoids via geometric objects that we call Dirac bialgebroids. In the two well-understood special cases of Poisson and presymplectic groupoids, the Dirac bialgebroids are equivalent to the Lie bialgebroids and IM-$2$-forms, respectively. In the case of multiplicative involutive distributions on Lie groupoids, we find new properties of infinitesimal ideal systems.Comment: New expanded version; the construction of the Manin pair associated to an LA-Dirac structure has moved from arXiv:1209.6077 to here. Added background on double vector bundles, VB-algebroids and 2-term representations up to homotop

Flight techniques for the measurement of stability derivatives and aircraft response

A method of obtaining aircraft frequency-response from transient response data by Fourier analysis is currently being investigated. This report describes progress that has been made between the commencement of the contract (1st December, 1964) and the time of writing (October, 1965). The dynamic response characteristics of a Hawker Siddeley Dore' aircraft are being determined from flight measurements using the Fourier method of analysis. At present attention is centred on the longitudinal response as the short-period mode of the aircraft is well damped and should be defined by a simple transfer function. The aircraft transient responses to various pilot-applied control inputs are recorded and the Fourier analysis of these transients is being carried out on a Ferranti Pegasus digital computer. Three development flights have been completed to date, and some preliminary results have been obtained, although the detailed analysis of the flight data is awaiting the incorporation of the instrumentation calibration into the computer programme. This last procedure will speed up the analysis of future data