Fundamentalentscheidungen bei unvollkommener Information: UMTS-Lizenzen ersteigern oder verweigern, �bernehmen oder �bernommen werden, Rentenwende oder -ende, Glaube oder Unglaube?

Unter Fundamentalentscheidungen verstehen wir Entscheidungen bzw. Entscheidungssituationen von existenzieller Wichtigkeit. Dabei stehen wenige grundlegende Handlungsalternativen zur Wahl, die sich jedoch erheblich in ihren Wirkungen unterscheiden. Es handelt sich im Unternehmensbereich um strategische Fragestellungen z.B. im Zusammenhang mit Mergers & Acquisitions, innerhalb eines Staates z.B. um die Frage nach der Gestaltung der Sozialversicherungssysteme oder die Entscheidung ber den Beitritt zur Eurozone und im pers�nlichen Bereich z.B. um die Berufs- und Partnerwahl oder um Glaubensentscheidungen. Bei derartigen Entscheidungen besteht in der Regel ein besonders krasses Missverh�ltnis zwischen der Bedeutung der Entscheidung und dem verfgbaren Informationsstand. W�hrend eine solche Entscheidung gro�e Auswirkungen auf den Unternehmenserfolg, die Stabilit�t einer Gesellschaft oder das Lebensgl�ck besitzt, sind die zur Beurteilung der m�glichen Handlungsalternativen vorliegenden Informationen zumeist in hohem Ma� unsicher, unvollst�ndig und ungenau, d.h. hochgradig unvollkommen. Wir untersuchen und diskutieren grunds�tzliche Entscheidungsans�tze zur Bewertung von Alternativen unter den genannten Bedingungen. Dabei betrachten wir sowohl die in der entscheidungstheoretischen Literatur vorgeschlagenen Konzepte f�r die idealisierten Informationsst�nde "Ungewissheit" und "Risiko" als auch Ans�tze f�r den allgemeineren und realistischeren Fall der unvollkommenen Information. Anschlie�end geben wir mit der Pascalschen Wette ein Beispiel f�r eine klassische Fundamentalentscheidung bei unvollkommener Information. Es handelt sich hierbei um die existenzielle Frage, ob ein Mensch an Gott glauben soll oder nicht, wenn er Unsicherheit sowohl ber die Existenz Gottes als auch die Konsequenzen des Glaubens bzw. Nichtglaubens besitzt. F�r dieses Entscheidungsproblem stellte der ber�hmte Mathematiker und Philosoph Blaise Pascal erste entscheidungstheoretische �berlegungen an, anhand derer man die Problematik von Fundamentalentscheidungen gut erkennen kann. Schlie�lich zeigen wir anhand der Versteigerung von UMTS-Lizenzen, anhand von Megafusionen und der Rentenreform, dass die Pascalsche Wette als ein Grundmodell typischer Fundamentalentscheidungen angesehen werden kann.Entscheidungstheorie, Unsicherheit, Unvollkommene Information, Strategische Entscheidung, Fundamentalentscheidung, Alternativenbewertung, Pascalsche Wette

A Positive Feedback between Growth and Polarity Provides Directional Persistency and Flexibility to the Process of Tip Growth

International audiencePolar cell growth is a conserved morphogenetic process needed for survival, mating, and infection [1, 2]. It typically implicates the assembly and spatial stabilization of a cortical polar domain of the active form of a small GTPase of the Rho family, such as Cdc42, which promotes cytoskeleton assembly and secretion needed for local surface expansion [3, 4, 5, 6]. In multiple physiological instances, polarity domains may switch from being spatially unstable, exhibiting a wandering behavior around the cell surface, to being stable at a fixed cellular location [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Here, we show that the rate of surface growth may be a key determinant in controlling the spatial stability of active Cdc42 domains. Reducing the growth rate of single rod-shaped fission yeast cells using chemical, genetic, and mechanical means systematically causes polar domains to detach from cell tips and oscillate around the cell surface within minutes. Conversely, an abrupt increase in growth rate improves domain stabilization. A candidate screen identifies vesicular transport along actin cables as an important module mediating this process. Similar behavior observed in distant filamentous fungi suggests that this positive feedback between growth and polarity could represent a basal property of eukaryotic polarization, promoting persistent polar growth as well as growth redirection with respect to the mechanical environment of cells

Hsp90 inhibition differentially destabilises MAP kinase and TGF-beta signalling components in cancer cells revealed by kinase-targeted chemoproteomics

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is required for the stability of many signalling kinases. As a target for cancer therapy it allows the simultaneous inhibition of several signalling pathways. However, its inhibition in healthy cells could also lead to severe side effects. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the response to Hsp90 inhibition at the kinome level.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We quantitatively profiled the effects of Hsp90 inhibition by geldanamycin on the kinome of one primary (Hs68) and three tumour cell lines (SW480, U2OS, A549) by affinity proteomics based on immobilized broad spectrum kinase inhibitors ("kinobeads"). To identify affected pathways we used the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway classification. We combined Hsp90 and proteasome inhibition to identify Hsp90 substrates in Hs68 and SW480 cells. The mutational status of kinases from the used cell lines was determined using next-generation sequencing. A mutation of Hsp90 candidate client RIPK2 was mapped onto its structure.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We measured relative abundances of > 140 protein kinases from the four cell lines in response to geldanamycin treatment and identified many new potential Hsp90 substrates. These kinases represent diverse families and cellular functions, with a strong representation of pathways involved in tumour progression like the BMP, MAPK and TGF-beta signalling cascades. Co-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 enabled us to classify 64 kinases as true Hsp90 clients. Finally, mutations in 7 kinases correlate with an altered response to Hsp90 inhibition. Structural modelling of the candidate client RIPK2 suggests an impact of the mutation on a proposed Hsp90 binding domain.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We propose a high confidence list of Hsp90 kinase clients, which provides new opportunities for targeted and combinatorial cancer treatment and diagnostic applications.</p

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good

Severe early onset preeclampsia: short and long term clinical, psychosocial and biochemical aspects

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy specific disorder commonly defined as de novo hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestational age. It occurs in approximately 3-5% of pregnancies and it is still a major cause of both foetal and maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide1. As extensive research has not yet elucidated the aetiology of preeclampsia, there are no rational preventive or therapeutic interventions available. The only rational treatment is delivery, which benefits the mother but is not in the interest of the foetus, if remote from term. Early onset preeclampsia (<32 weeks’ gestational age) occurs in less than 1% of pregnancies. It is, however often associated with maternal morbidity as the risk of progression to severe maternal disease is inversely related with gestational age at onset2. Resulting prematurity is therefore the main cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in patients with severe preeclampsia3. Although the discussion is ongoing, perinatal survival is suggested to be increased in patients with preterm preeclampsia by expectant, non-interventional management. This temporising treatment option to lengthen pregnancy includes the use of antihypertensive medication to control hypertension, magnesium sulphate to prevent eclampsia and corticosteroids to enhance foetal lung maturity4. With optimal maternal haemodynamic status and reassuring foetal condition this results on average in an extension of 2 weeks. Prolongation of these pregnancies is a great challenge for clinicians to balance between potential maternal risks on one the eve hand and possible foetal benefits on the other. Clinical controversies regarding prolongation of preterm preeclamptic pregnancies still exist – also taking into account that preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the Netherlands5 - a debate which is even more pronounced in very preterm pregnancies with questionable foetal viability6-9. Do maternal risks of prolongation of these very early pregnancies outweigh the chances of neonatal survival? Counselling of women with very early onset preeclampsia not only comprises of knowledge of the outcome of those particular pregnancies, but also knowledge of outcomes of future pregnancies of these women is of major clinical importance. This thesis opens with a review of the literature on identifiable risk factors of preeclampsia

Measurement of associated W plus charm production in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV

Peer reviewe

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació