Comportamento produtivo do trigo em diferentes métodos e densidades de semeadura

The method and sowing density constitute important factors so that obtained good productivity in wheat culture. The objective this work was evaluated the effects of sowing methods (throwing and in line) and densities (160, 320 and 480 plants m-2) on the performance of the wheat cultivated in no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted in winter period of 2007, with treatments arranged in complete blocks design at random in a factorial arrangement 2 x 3 (sowing methods x sowing density), with four replications. The characteristics were evaluated: tiller number per plant, ears for m2 and spikelets per ear, plant height, ear weight and of one-hundred grains, water tenor in the grains and productivity of the culture. The results were submitted to the variance analysis, the means being the sowing methods compared by Tukey test and the densities for polynomial regression. The plant height was big when the wheat was sowed in line, while, the tiller number per plant, ear weight and of hundred grains and water tenor in the grains was bigger in the throwing sowing. The growth in the sowing density provoked linear reduction of the tiller number of per plant and spikelets per ear, plant height, ear weight and of one-hundred grains. The ears number per m2 increased together with the growth of the density, nevertheless, such an effect did not think about the productivity, and this not was influenced by the respected factors.O método e densidade de semeadura constituem fatores importantes para que se obtenha boa produtividade na cultura do trigo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de métodos de semeadura (a lanço e na linha) e densidades (160, 320 e 480 plantas m-2) sobre o desempenho do trigo cultivado em sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido no período de inverno de 2007, com os tratamentos dispostos em blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (métodos de semeadura x densidade de semeadura), com quatro repetições. As características avaliadas foram: número de perfilhos por planta, espigas por m2 e espiguetas por espiga, altura de planta, massa de espiga e de cem grãos, teor de água nos grãos e produtividade da cultura. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, sendo as médias de métodos de semeadura comparadas pelo teste de Tukey e de densidades pela análise de regressão. A altura de planta foi maior quando o trigo foi semeado na linha, ao passo que, o número de perfilhos por planta, massa de espiga e de cem grãos e teor de água nos grãos foi maior na semeadura a lanço. O incremento na densidade de semeadura provocou redução linear do número de perfilhos por planta e espiguetas por espiga, altura de planta, massa de espiga e de cem grãos. O número de espigas por m2 aumentou juntamente com o incremento da densidade, contudo, tal efeito não refletiu na produtividade, e esta não foi influenciada pelos fatores considerados

Irrigation management in soybean crops influences the occurrence of nematodes in the soil

One of the main limitations of soybean production is related to water availability and organisms found in the soil. Under the hypothesis that soil moisture may influence the nematode population, this study aimed to verify the occurrence of nematodes associated with different irrigation management in soybean crops. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design. Treatments consisted of a subplot scheme, with four replications. The plots consisted of ten irrigation managements divided into five irrigation frequencies (1,2,3,4, and 5 days) and five additional water depths (25, 50, 75, 100, and 125% of crop evapotranspiration – Etc). The subplots were composed of four different soybean cultivars (NA 5909 RR, AS 3680 IPRO, and Desafio RR ePower IPRO). The experiment analyzed the variables plant height, first pod insertion, number of plants, moisture, hundred-grain weight, yield, and occurrence of nematode eggs and adults. Nematodes influence all the production components analyzed, affecting mostly the hundred-grain weight, especially the nematode Helicotylenchus sp., although the Meloidogyne sp. population was larger. The phytonematode population reduces with the increase in soil moisture to levels close to the saturation, indirectly influencing the yield increase

Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in root s(NN)=2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions

We present measurements of the azimuthal dependence of charged jet production in central and semi-central root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions with respect to the second harmonic event plane, quantified as nu(ch)(2) (jet). Jet finding is performed employing the anti-k(T) algorithm with a resolution parameter R = 0.2 using charged tracks from the ALICE tracking system. The contribution of the azimuthal anisotropy of the underlying event is taken into account event-by-event. The remaining (statistical) region-to-region fluctuations are removed on an ensemble basis by unfolding the jet spectra for different event plane orientations independently. Significant non-zero nu(ch)(2) (jet) is observed in semi-central collisions (30-50% centrality) for 20 <p(T)(ch) (jet) <90 GeV/c. The azimuthal dependence of the charged jet production is similar to the dependence observed for jets comprising both charged and neutral fragments, and compatible with measurements of the nu(2) of single charged particles at high p(T). Good agreement between the data and predictions from JEWEL, an event generator simulating parton shower evolution in the presence of a dense QCD medium, is found in semi-central collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Forward-central two-particle correlations in p-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

Two-particle angular correlations between trigger particles in the forward pseudorapidity range (2.5 2GeV/c. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B. V.Peer reviewe

Event-shape engineering for inclusive spectra and elliptic flow in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV

Peer reviewe

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure &lt;= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Pseudorapidity and transverse-momentum distributions of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The pseudorapidity (eta) and transverse-momentum (p(T)) distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions are measured at the centre-of-mass energy root s = 13 TeV. The pseudorapidity distribution in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1.8 is reported for inelastic events and for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The pseudorapidity density of charged particles produced in the pseudorapidity region vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.5 is 5.31 +/- 0.18 and 6.46 +/- 0.19 for the two event classes, respectively. The transverse-momentum distribution of charged particles is measured in the range 0.15 <p(T) <20 GeV/c and vertical bar eta vertical bar <0.8 for events with at least one charged particle in vertical bar eta vertical bar <1. The evolution of the transverse momentum spectra of charged particles is also investigated as a function of event multiplicity. The results are compared with calculations from PYTHIA and EPOS Monte Carlo generators. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Peer reviewe

Elliptic flow of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76TeV

The elliptic flow, v(2), of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays at forward rapidity (2.5 <y <4) is measured in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)= 2.76TeVwith the ALICE detector at the LHC. The scalar product, two- and four-particle Q cumulants and Lee-Yang zeros methods are used. The dependence of the v(2) of muons from heavy-flavour hadron decays on the collision centrality, in the range 0-40%, and on transverse momentum, p(T), is studied in the interval 3 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. A positive v(2) is observed with the scalar product and two-particle Q cumulants in semi-central collisions (10-20% and 20-40% centrality classes) for the p(T) interval from 3 to about 5GeV/c with a significance larger than 3 sigma, based on the combination of statistical and systematic uncertainties. The v(2) magnitude tends to decrease towards more central collisions and with increasing pT. It becomes compatible with zero in the interval 6 <p(T)<10 GeV/c. The results are compared to models describing the interaction of heavy quarks and open heavy-flavour hadrons with the high-density medium formed in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. (C) 2015 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Estabilidade e adaptabilidade de cultivares de soja, incluindo transgênicas, na região dos chapadões

A caracterização de cultivares de soja é de fundamental importância, visando fornecer informações mais seguras aos produtores no momento da utilização ou substituição de cultivares, contribuindo assim para o ganho em rendimento ao longo dos anos de cultivo, no sentido de se atingir altos rendimentos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a estabilidade e adaptabilidade de cultivares transgênicas e convencionais de soja na região dos Chapadões, em diversos ambientes de produção, envolvendo locais e épocas de semeadura. Os experimentos foram instalados em Chapadão do Sul-MS, Água Clara-MS e Chapadão do Céu-GO na safra 2006/07. Foram avaliadas 20 cultivares, sendo 10 convencionais e 10 transgênicas (RR). Os ambientes de produção corresponderam às combinações de locais e épocas de semeadura, sendo quatro épocas em Chapadão do Sul (16/10/06, 27/10/06, 17/11/06 e 30/11/06), duas em Água Clara (07/11/06 e 28/11/06) e duas em Chapadão do Céu (27/10/06 e 23/11/06). Foi realizada análise de estabilidade e adaptabilidade, para rendimento de grãos, pelo método da regressão linear bissegmentada. As cultivares convencionais foram mais produtivas na média dos ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis, apresentando performances acima da média de rendimento (3.701 kg.ha-1) quando comparadas com as transgênicas, exceto TMG 115 (RR) e TMG 121 (RR). As transgênicas foram mais sensíveis às mudanças ambientais que as convencionais, embora isso não tenha ocorrido para estabilidade. As primeiras épocas de semeadura apresentaram os melhores índices ambientais, sendo as melhores para se atingir altos rendimentos. No conjunto dos parâmetros de estabilidade e adaptabilidade a cultivar TMG 115 (RR) foi a que mais se destacou, sendo recomendável tanto para ambientes favoráveis como desfavoráveis, seguida pelas cultivares Msoy 8001 e Chapadões. A cultivar valiosa, uma das...The characterization of soybean cultivars is more important to provide sure information to farmers in moment of utilization or substitution cultivars, contributing to yield gain along of cultivation years, looking obtain high yields. The work purpose was to verify stability and adaptability of transgenic and no transgenic soybean cultivars in Chapadões region at different production environments, considering locals and sowing seasons. Experiments were installed in Chapadão do Sul-MS, Água Clara-MS and Chapadão do Céu-GO, in 2006/07 crop. Were evaluated 20 soybean cultivars, been 10 transgenic (RR) and 10 no transgenic. The production environments were locals and sowing seasons combination, been four seasons at Chapadão do Sul, (10/16/06, 10/27/06, 11/17/06 and 11/30/06), two at Água Clara (11/07/06 and 11/28/06) and two at Chapadão do Céu (10/27/06 and 11/23/06). Stability and adaptability analysis were performed by bi-segmented linear regression. No transgenic cultivars were more productive at favorable and unfavorable environments average, presenting performance greater than productivity average (3,701kg.ha-1), when compared to transgenic cultivars, except TMG 115 (RR) and TMG 121 (RR). Transgenic cultivars tend to be more sensitive to environment changes than no transgenic, nevertheless didn’t happen for stability. Early sowing seasons present the best environments index, been indicated for high grain yield. On the whole of stability and adaptability parameters, cultivar TG 115 (RR) was the best, been indicated as much for favorable as unfavorable environments. Following classify themselves Msoy 8001 and Chapadões cultivars. The Valiosa cultivar, more cultivated in area, was more stable, however with inferior yield