Child-oriented Architecture from the Perspective of Environmental Psychology

The present study is about child-oriented architecture from the perspective of environmental psychology. Due to the importance of the users of any architecural spaces and lack of attention of architects and being unfamiliar to psychological characteristics of specific users, such as children, it is needed to have propper perception of their understandings from spaces and their needs to architectural spaces specific tothem and children’s tendency to especial environmental graphic features such as: light, colour, and form should be studied and this research aimed at environmental psychologically-physically design in order to develop childeren emotionally and physically. The method used in this study was descriptive-analytical one and eventually by investigating childeren’s plays and drawings their perceptions from the environment were achieved and their favorite coloures and forms in terms of their age and sex were studied. At the end it was suggested in designing a place for children different factors such as creating various spaces based on the children’s ages to release their energy, applying light and coloures appropriate to childeren’s emotions in innere and outter decoration, considering architectural criteria and standards for childeren and etc, should be regarded

An Investigation into the Evaluation of the Satisfaction with Prenatal Care Services among Pregnant Women Attending Healthcare Centers during Pregnancy in the Capital of Lorestan Province, Iran

Background: Pregnancy period is one of the most important periods for mother and infant, and the maternal and fetal health during this period is of paramount importance. This study aimed to evaluate the satisfaction with prenatal (also known as antenatal) care services among pregnant women attending healthcare centers in the capital of Lorestan province (Khorramabad, west Iran).Methods: This cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study evaluated the satisfaction with benefitting from prenatal care services among pregnant women in the last months of pregnancy. The research sample was selected using a multistage sampling method involving a combination of stratified, cluster, and random sampling. The required data were gathered using a three-part questionnaire, including information regarding demographic survey questions, information about the extent to which pregnant women in Khorramabad benefit from prenatal care services, and the degree of pregnant women's satisfaction with prenatal care. Independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data.Results: According to the obtained results, the mean score of benefiting from and satisfaction with prenatal care services was high. The difference in the score of benefitting from services was statistically significant in terms of type of pregnancy and a history of stillbirth (p <0.05). The number of children, occupation, and type of pregnancy were statistically significant, and these factors produced the mean satisfaction score (p <0.05).Conclusion: To increase the rate of benefiting from and satisfaction with prenatal care services among pregnant women, the health authorities of the region should take effective practical and educational measures to improve the quality-of-care delivery, train health service providers, and complete and equip prenatal centers.Keywords: Satisfaction; Care; Pregnant women; Healthcare centers 

The prevalence of phantom vibration/ringing syndromes and their related factors in Iranian’ students of medical sciences

Background and aim Mobile phone abuse can cause pathologic stress that may lead to addictive behavior such as Phantom Vibration Syndrome (PVS) and Phantom Ringing Syndrome (PRS). The current study aimed to determine the PVS and PRS due to mobile phone use in students of Qom University of medical Sciences in Iran. Design Cross-sectional study. Participants The participants were 380 students selected by proportional stratified random sampling method in each stratum. Measurements Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistical methods including t-test, chi square and analysis of variance. Findings The prevalence of PVS and PRS due to mobile phones in students of medical sciences was estimated to be 54.3% and 49.3%, respectively. PVS was higher in female students than in males while the PRS was higher in male students. There was a significant relationship between PVS and using social networks such as Viber, WhatsApp, and Line. In addition, a significant association was observed between PVS and friend-finding, chatting and entertainment. Conclusion Studies should be done in the future to assess the long-term complication of overusing mobile phones. In the current study, the prevalence of PVS and PRS in half of students is considerabl

Field performance and numerical simulation study on the toe to heel air injection (THAI) process in a heavy oil reservoir with bottom water

Extra-heavy oil and bitumen (EHOB) comprise 30 percent of the remaining recoverable fossil fuel resources on Earth. This means EHOB could play an important role in a secure transition towards net zero emissions (NZE) by 2050. Technological developments, such as toe to heel air injection (THAI), have been shown to efficiently recover heavy oil with reduced environmental footprint. The Kerrobert project was the first to utilise the THAI technology in presence of bottom water (BW) in the reservoir. The project demonstrated a good performance (with average oil rate of 10 m3/day per well) compared to the conventional ISC operations in a BW situation. Lessons taken from the Kerrobert operational experience can assist the forthcoming THAI operations explicitly in the presence of BW. Dynamic field data for one of the best performing THAI pilot well pairs (K2), were analysed in this work. It was found that the K2 pilot must have experienced interference from K5, which is the closest neighbouring THAI well pair to the K2. Previously developed THAI models have not been validated against actual field data. A new field-scale THAI model in the presence of BW was constructed and, for the first time, validated against the field data from the Kerrobert project in this work. In addition, the quasi-staggered line drive well arrangement, as used for the K2 pilot, was studied. The daily and cumulative oil production rates were predicted well (the final agreement with field data was within 3 percent). The history matched model was then used to investigate the effect of the variation in air injection rates on THAI performance in presence of BW. Major developed zones during the propagation of the combustion front were numerically examined. It was demonstrated that extra air ingress from the neighbouring THAI well pair has caused a reduction in oxygen utilisation throughout the process. As a result, the simulated temperature profile declined with the increasing combustion time. The oxygen profile around the horizontal producer (HP) well was studied via the new history-matched model. An inversely proportional relationship was detected between the coke concentration and the oxygen profile around the HP well. It was found that the size of the steam zone, ahead of the combustion front, differs with variation in air injection rates. It was observed that some of the mobilised oil sank into the BW, leaving a significant amount of oil trapped in the reservoir. To prevent such an event, the location of the HP well was altered as a potential strategy to optimise the THAI efficiency. Consequently, the oxygen utilisation was improved by 13%, resulting in 73% higher cumulative oil production in comparison with the history-matched model

In-situ Microwave-assisted Catalytic Upgrading of Heavy Oil: Experimental Validation and Effect of Catalyst Pore Structure on Activity

In-situ combustion alone may not provide sufficient heating for downhole, catalytic upgrading of heavy oil in the Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) process. In this study, a new microwave heating technique has been proposed as a strategy to provide the requisite heating. Microwave technology is alone able to provide rapid heating which can be targeted at the catalyst packing and/or the incoming oil in its immediate vicinity. It was demonstrated, contrary to previous assertions, that heavy oil can be heated directly with microwaves to 425°C, which is the temperature needed for successful catalytic upgrading, without the need for an additional microwave susceptor. Upgrading of > 3.2° API points, a reduction in viscosity to less than 100 cP, and > 12% reduction in sulfur content was achieved using commercially available hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst. The HDS catalyst induced dehydrogenation, with nearly 20% hydrogen detected in the gas product. Hence, in THAI field settings, part of the oil-in-place could be sacrificed for dehydrogenation, with the produced hydrogen directed to aid hydrodesulfurization and improve upgrading. Further, this could provide a route for downhole hydrogen production, which can contribute to the efforts towards the hydrogen economy. A single, unified model of evolving catalyst structure was developed. The model incorporated the unusual gas sorption data, computerized x-ray tomography and electron microprobe characterization, as well as the reaction behavior. The proposed model also highlighted the significant impact of the particular catalyst fabrication process on the catalytic activity

Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-Adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2017 : A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-Adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care. © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.Peer reviewe

Microwave-assisted in-situ catalytic upgrading of heavy oil

This work concerns reservoir simulation of heavy oil recovery and experimental studies of downhole oil catalytic upgrading enhanced with microwaves. Numerical simulations are a key tool to investigate the Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI) operating mechanism due to the limitations in experimental (3D combustion cell) THAI investigations. In this study, the THAI process was numerically studied through reservoir simulations. The starting point of the numerical simulation study was to develop a new experimental scale THAI model. The new experimental scale THAI model was history-matched against previous 3D combustion tube experiments. The experimental scale THAI model was then scaled up to a field scale model. The field scale THAI models were then used to study two types of THAI well arrangements, namely the direct line drive (DLD) and staggered line drive (SLD). The DLD and SLD well arrangements were compared in terms of sweep efficiency, water cut, and oxygen utilisation. Although, the DLD well arrangement resulted in earlier oil production, it was shown that, in terms of overall performance, the SLD well arrangement is superior to the DLD well arrangement. There are only a limited number of published field scale THAI models in the literature. None of the previously developed field scale THAI models, that considered an underlying bottom water (BW) in the reservoir, was validated against field data. Ab initio field-scale model development using a direct history matching of a field-scale THAI process with BW has never been published by other researchers. This was due to insufficient published data concerning the oil production trends experienced in the field. It was also hypothesised (from former numerical studies) that reducing the air injection rate will lead to lower oil production rates. This work, for the first time, presents a field-scale THAI model that was validated against data obtained from the Kerrobert THAI project in Canada. The model includes the existing relatively thick bottom water in the studied formation. A real life quasi-staggered line drive (QSLD) THAI well configuration was studied through the history-matched model. The history matched model was also used to investigate the effect of the variation in air injection rates on THAI performance in presence of BW. It was demonstrated that extra air ingress from the neighbouring THAI well pair had caused a reduction in oxygen utilisation throughout the process. As a result, the simulated temperature profile declined with an increasing combustion time. An inversely proportional relationship was detected between the coke concentration and the oxygen profile around the HP well. It was found that the size of the steam zone, ahead of the combustion front, differs with variation in air injection rates. It was observed that some of the mobilised oil sank into the BW, leaving a significant amount of oil trapped in the reservoir. To prevent such an event, the location of the HP well was altered as a potential strategy to optimise the THAI efficiency. Consequently, the predicted oxygen utilisation, as well as cumulative oil production, were improved in comparison with the history-matched model. The CAtalytic upgrading PRocess In situ (CAPRI) is an add-on to the THAI process. The horizontal section of the producer well is surrounded by a catalyst layer in the CAPRI process. Further upgrading occurs as the THAI oil flows through the catalyst layer. The history-matched THAI simulation, developed in this study, showed that the in-situ combustion alone may not provide sufficient heating for downhole catalytic upgrading of heavy oil in the THAI-CAPRI process. Therefore, an extra heating source is required for a successful THAI-CAPRI process. As a strategy to provide the needed heating, a microwave heating technique has been proposed in this study. It was demonstrated that heavy oil can be heated directly with microwaves to 425°C, which is the temperature needed for successful catalytic upgrading. Contrary to previous assertions, the microwave heating of heavy oil was done without the need for an additional microwave susceptor. Two commercially available hydrodesulphurization (HDS) and low temperature shift (LTS) catalysts as well as Alumina support, were each used for microwave-assisted catalytic upgrading experiments. The characterisation of the treated oil revealed a considerable upgrading performance in terms of API gravity, reduction in viscosity, and reduction in sulphur content. The characteristics of the THAI process are suitable not only for in-situ upgrading but for hydrogen production downhole. Employing the catalytic add-on of the THAI process (the CAPRI process) could potentially result in even higher in-situ hydrogen production. In this study, a series of microwave-assisted catalytic upgrading experiments were carried out to investigate the hydrogen production potential of the CAPRI process. Two commercial hydrodesulphurization and low shift temperature catalysts were used for the microwave-assisted catalytic hydrogen production experiments. A significant hydrogen content was detected in the gas product using the HDS and LTS catalyst. The produced hydrogen was originated from the catalytic dehydrogenation of heavy oil. The produced hydrogen in-situ within the THAI-CAPRI process can be used to facilitate hydrodesulphurization as well as improving API gravity upgrading by hydrogenation of the treated oil

Microwave-assisted in-situ catalytic upgrading of heavy oil

This work concerns reservoir simulation of heavy oil recovery and experimental studies of downhole oil catalytic upgrading enhanced with microwaves. Numerical simulations are a key tool to investigate the Toe to Heel Air Injection (THAI) operating mechanism due to the limitations in experimental (3D combustion cell) THAI investigations. In this study, the THAI process was numerically studied through reservoir simulations. The starting point of the numerical simulation study was to develop a new experimental scale THAI model. The new experimental scale THAI model was history-matched against previous 3D combustion tube experiments. The experimental scale THAI model was then scaled up to a field scale model. The field scale THAI models were then used to study two types of THAI well arrangements, namely the direct line drive (DLD) and staggered line drive (SLD). The DLD and SLD well arrangements were compared in terms of sweep efficiency, water cut, and oxygen utilisation. Although, the DLD well arrangement resulted in earlier oil production, it was shown that, in terms of overall performance, the SLD well arrangement is superior to the DLD well arrangement. There are only a limited number of published field scale THAI models in the literature. None of the previously developed field scale THAI models, that considered an underlying bottom water (BW) in the reservoir, was validated against field data. Ab initio field-scale model development using a direct history matching of a field-scale THAI process with BW has never been published by other researchers. This was due to insufficient published data concerning the oil production trends experienced in the field. It was also hypothesised (from former numerical studies) that reducing the air injection rate will lead to lower oil production rates. This work, for the first time, presents a field-scale THAI model that was validated against data obtained from the Kerrobert THAI project in Canada. The model includes the existing relatively thick bottom water in the studied formation. A real life quasi-staggered line drive (QSLD) THAI well configuration was studied through the history-matched model. The history matched model was also used to investigate the effect of the variation in air injection rates on THAI performance in presence of BW. It was demonstrated that extra air ingress from the neighbouring THAI well pair had caused a reduction in oxygen utilisation throughout the process. As a result, the simulated temperature profile declined with an increasing combustion time. An inversely proportional relationship was detected between the coke concentration and the oxygen profile around the HP well. It was found that the size of the steam zone, ahead of the combustion front, differs with variation in air injection rates. It was observed that some of the mobilised oil sank into the BW, leaving a significant amount of oil trapped in the reservoir. To prevent such an event, the location of the HP well was altered as a potential strategy to optimise the THAI efficiency. Consequently, the predicted oxygen utilisation, as well as cumulative oil production, were improved in comparison with the history-matched model. The CAtalytic upgrading PRocess In situ (CAPRI) is an add-on to the THAI process. The horizontal section of the producer well is surrounded by a catalyst layer in the CAPRI process. Further upgrading occurs as the THAI oil flows through the catalyst layer. The history-matched THAI simulation, developed in this study, showed that the in-situ combustion alone may not provide sufficient heating for downhole catalytic upgrading of heavy oil in the THAI-CAPRI process. Therefore, an extra heating source is required for a successful THAI-CAPRI process. As a strategy to provide the needed heating, a microwave heating technique has been proposed in this study. It was demonstrated that heavy oil can be heated directly with microwaves to 425°C, which is the temperature needed for successful catalytic upgrading. Contrary to previous assertions, the microwave heating of heavy oil was done without the need for an additional microwave susceptor. Two commercially available hydrodesulphurization (HDS) and low temperature shift (LTS) catalysts as well as Alumina support, were each used for microwave-assisted catalytic upgrading experiments. The characterisation of the treated oil revealed a considerable upgrading performance in terms of API gravity, reduction in viscosity, and reduction in sulphur content. The characteristics of the THAI process are suitable not only for in-situ upgrading but for hydrogen production downhole. Employing the catalytic add-on of the THAI process (the CAPRI process) could potentially result in even higher in-situ hydrogen production. In this study, a series of microwave-assisted catalytic upgrading experiments were carried out to investigate the hydrogen production potential of the CAPRI process. Two commercial hydrodesulphurization and low shift temperature catalysts were used for the microwave-assisted catalytic hydrogen production experiments. A significant hydrogen content was detected in the gas product using the HDS and LTS catalyst. The produced hydrogen was originated from the catalytic dehydrogenation of heavy oil. The produced hydrogen in-situ within the THAI-CAPRI process can be used to facilitate hydrodesulphurization as well as improving API gravity upgrading by hydrogenation of the treated oil