Errores y principios de acción de los proyectos ecoturísticos

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Pasos prácticos para mercadear la certificación turística

Esta guía forma parte de una serie de manuales prácticos de ¿instrucciones¿ sobre la certificación en turismo sostenible. Estos manuales se fundamentan en la investigación y los informes efectuados por el Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD) y The International Ecotourism Society (TIES), como parte de un proyecto de certificación dirigido por la Rainforest Alliance (Alianza para Bosques) y financiado por el BID/FOMIN.Turismo, Arte y cultura, Tourism

Financiamiento de programas de certificación

Esta guía forma parte de una serie de manuales sobre la certificación en turismo sostenible. Se fundamenta en un estudio que analizó la sostenibilidad financiera de 40 programas de certificación del turismo y de otras industrias ¿verdes¿ en todo el mundo y examinó las prioridades e intereses de 14 organizaciones de financiamiento. Estos manuales se basan en estudios llevados a cabo por el Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD) y The International Ecotourism Society (TIES), en colaboración con Rainforest Alliance (Alianza para Bosques) y el BID/FOMIN.Turismo, Arte y cultura, Tourism

Novel Common Genetic Susceptibility Loci for Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND: Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 42 loci (P < 5 × 10-8) associated with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Expanded consortium efforts facilitating the discovery of additional susceptibility loci may capture unexplained familial risk. METHODS: We conducted a GWAS in European descent CRC cases and control subjects using a discovery-replication design, followed by examination of novel findings in a multiethnic sample (cumulative n = 163 315). In the discovery stage (36 948 case subjects/30 864 control subjects), we identified genetic variants with a minor allele frequency of 1% or greater associated with risk of CRC using logistic regression followed by a fixed-effects inverse variance weighted meta-analysis. All novel independent variants reaching genome-wide statistical significance (two-sided P < 5 × 10-8) were tested for replication in separate European ancestry samples (12 952 case subjects/48 383 control subjects). Next, we examined the generalizability of discovered variants in East Asians, African Americans, and Hispanics (12 085 case subjects/22 083 control subjects). Finally, we examined the contributions of novel risk variants to familial relative risk and examined the prediction capabilities of a polygenic risk score. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: The discovery GWAS identified 11 variants associated with CRC at P < 5 × 10-8, of which nine (at 4q22.2/5p15.33/5p13.1/6p21.31/6p12.1/10q11.23/12q24.21/16q24.1/20q13.13) independently replicated at a P value of less than .05. Multiethnic follow-up supported the generalizability of discovery findings. These results demonstrated a 14.7% increase in familial relative risk explained by common risk alleles from 10.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.9% to 13.7%; known variants) to 11.9% (95% CI = 9.2% to 15.5%; known and novel variants). A polygenic risk score identified 4.3% of the population at an odds ratio for developing CRC of at least 2.0. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insight into the architecture of common genetic variation contributing to CRC etiology and improves risk prediction for individualized screenin

Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers

Correction: Nature Communications 10 (2019): art. 4386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12095-8Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, here we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (r(g) = 0.57, p = 4.6 x 10(-8)), breast and ovarian cancer (r(g) = 0.24, p = 7 x 10(-5)), breast and lung cancer (r(g) = 0.18, p = 1.5 x 10(-6)) and breast and colorectal cancer (r(g) = 0.15, p = 1.1 x 10(-4)). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis.Peer reviewe

Shared heritability and functional enrichment across six solid cancers

Quantifying the genetic correlation between cancers can provide important insights into the mechanisms driving cancer etiology. Using genome-wide association study summary statistics across six cancer types based on a total of 296,215 cases and 301,319 controls of European ancestry, here we estimate the pair-wise genetic correlations between breast, colorectal, head/neck, lung, ovary and prostate cancer, and between cancers and 38 other diseases. We observed statistically significant genetic correlations between lung and head/neck cancer (r(g) = 0.57, p = 4.6 x 10(-8)), breast and ovarian cancer (r(g) = 0.24, p = 7 x 10(-5)), breast and lung cancer (r(g) = 0.18, p = 1.5 x 10(-6)) and breast and colorectal cancer (r(g) = 0.15, p = 1.1 x 10(-4)). We also found that multiple cancers are genetically correlated with non-cancer traits including smoking, psychiatric diseases and metabolic characteristics. Functional enrichment analysis revealed a significant excess contribution of conserved and regulatory regions to cancer heritability. Our comprehensive analysis of cross-cancer heritability suggests that solid tumors arising across tissues share in part a common germline genetic basis

Una guía simple para la certificación del turismo sostenible y el ecoturismo

Esta guía sobre certificación está diseñada para quienes han escuchado sobre la certificación de turismo sostenible y ecoturismo y quieren entender cómo funciona o cómo iniciar el proceso

Una guía simple para la certificación del turismo sostenible y el ecoturismo

Esta guía sobre certificación está diseñada para quienes han escuchado sobre la certificación de turismo sostenible y ecoturismo y quieren entender cómo funciona o cómo iniciar el proceso.Turismo, Arte y cultura, Tourism

Practical Steps for Marketing Tourism Certification

This guide is part of a series of practical, how-to handbooks on sustainable tourism certification. These handbooks are based on research and reports done by the Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development (CESD) and The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) as part of a certification project directed by the Rainforest Alliance and funded by the IDB/MIF.