Raciocínio matemático e pensamento crítico - um estudo correlacional

Mestrado em DidáticaAtualmente, diferentes setores da sociedade reconhecem que, os desafios e as exigências colocados por uma sociedade de informação e conhecimento exigem a todos formação em matemática. Esta é necessária na preparação de jovens para atuarem de forma conhecedora e confiante em situações problemáticas do mundo real. Nesse sentido, a educação matemática deve ser centrada no desenvolvimento integrado de conhecimentos, atitudes e capacidades, entre elas o Raciocínio Matemático e o Pensamento Crítico, de modo que, qualquer estudante seja capaz de resolver eficazmente problemas com que se confronta, tomando decisões racionais, contribuindo assim para a formação de um pensamento aberto e crítico. O presente trabalho propôs-se averiguar a existência de correlação entre o nível de Raciocínio Matemático e o nível de Pensamento Crítico de alunos do 6º ano de escolaridade do ensino básico. Pretendeu também verificar se o nível de Raciocínio Matemático está correlacionado com o aspeto de Pensamento Crítico: (i) indução; (ii) credibilidade; (iii) observação; (iv) dedução e (v) assunções. A investigação assentou numa abordagem de natureza quantitativa, operacionalizada por um estudo do tipo correlacional. O estudo foi realizado numa escola do ensino básico da região de Aveiro e nela participaram alunos de 5 turmas do 6º ano de escolaridade, sendo a amostra do estudo constituída por 107 alunos. Para fazer a medição do nível de Pensamento Crítico e dos aspetos de Pensamento Crítico utilizámos o Teste de Pensamento Crítico de Cornell (nível X). Para medir o nível de desempenho em Raciocínio Matemático aplicámos o Teste de Raciocínio Matemático desenvolvido para o efeito no âmbito do presente estudo. No tratamento dos dados recolhidos recorreu-se a procedimentos de natureza descritiva e inferencial. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificámos que existe uma correlação positiva entre o nível de Pensamento Crítico dos alunos e o seu nível de desempenho em Raciocínio Matemático. Os resultados apontaram no sentido que existe uma correlação positiva, estatisticamente significativa, entre o nível de desempenho em Raciocínio Matemático dos alunos e o aspeto de Pensamento Crítico dedução.In this day and age different sectors in our society recognize that challenges and demands imposed by a society of information and knowledge require mathematics education. This is necessary in preparing young people to respond with knowledge and confidence when facing real life problems. In this sense, mathematics teaching ought to center on developing knowledge, positive attitude and skills, including Mathematical Reasoning and Critical Thinking, allowing for every student to be able to effectively solve problems that they are faced with by making rational decisions and thus contributing to the development of an open and critical way of thinking. This study is set out to investigate the correlation between Mathematical Reasoning and Critical Thinking levels of 6th grade students. It is also intended to verify whether Mathematical Reasoning level is associated with Critical Thinking aspects: (i) induction; (ii) credibility; (iii) observation; (iv) deduction and (v) assumption. The research was based on a quantitative approach and operationalized on a correlation study-type. The study was undertaken in a elementary school in the region of Aveiro with 6th grade students from 5 classes. It was made up of 107 students in total. The Critical Thinking Cornell Test (level X) was used to measure the level of Critical Thinking as well as its aspects. To measure students’ Mathematical Reasoning level, we have applied the Mathematical Reasoning Test developed for the purpose of this study. While processing the data collected we followed descriptive and inferential procedures. According to the results obtained, we found that there is a positive correlationship between the students’ Critical Thinking level and the students’ Mathematical Reasoning level. The results suggested that there is a positive correlationship, statistically significant, between the students’ Mathematical Reasoning level and the Critical Thinking aspect of deduction

Construindo hábitos alimentares na infância: um olhar para o futuro

Sabe-se que diversos fatores estão correlacionados no que se refere à promoção de uma melhor qualidade de vida e prevenção de doenças, incluindo a garantia de uma alimentação adequada desde os primeiros anos de vida de um indivíduo. Crianças que, durante seu desenvolvimento, mantêm uma alimentação adequada, baseada em alimentos do tipo in natura e/ou minimamente processados, apresentam maiores chances de se tornarem adultos saudáveis no futuro. Diante disso, este relato de experiência do Projeto de Extensão Universitário “NutriAção - Projeto de Incentivo a Nutrição e Alimentação Saudável nas Comunidades”, cujo propósito é baseado na alimentação saudável infantil, visa ilustrar a ação de práticas de educação alimentar e nutricional como estratégia na construção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis na infância a partir de atividades em instituições filantrópicas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro

COVID-19 outcomes in people living with HIV: Peering through the waves

Objective: To evaluate clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients infected with HIV, and to compare with a paired sample without HIV infection. Methods: This is a substudy of a Brazilian multicentric cohort that comprised two periods (2020 and 2021). Data was obtained through the retrospective review of medical records. Primary outcomes were admission to the intensive care unit, invasive mechanical ventilation, and death. Patients with HIV and controls were matched for age, sex, number of comorbidities, and hospital of origin using the technique of propensity score matching (up to 4:1). They were compared using the Chi-Square or Fisher's Exact tests for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon for numerical variables. Results: Throughout the study, 17,101 COVID-19 patients were hospitalized, and 130 (0.76%) of those were infected with HIV. The median age was 54 (IQR: 43.0;64.0) years in 2020 and 53 (IQR: 46.0;63.5) years in 2021, with a predominance of females in both periods. People Living with HIV (PLHIV) and their controls showed similar prevalence for admission to the ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation requirement in the two periods, with no significant differences. In 2020, in-hospital mortality was higher in the PLHIV compared to the controls (27.9% vs. 17.7%; p = 0.049), but there was no difference in mortality between groups in 2021 (25.0% vs. 25.1%; p > 0.999). Conclusions: Our results reiterate that PLHIV were at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality in the early stages of the pandemic, however, this finding did not sustain in 2021, when the mortality rate is similar to the control group

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Minimum number and best combinations of harvests to evaluate accessions of tomato plants from germplasm banks

This study presents the minimum number and the best combination of tomato harvests needed to compare tomato accessions from germplasm banks. Number and weight of fruit in tomato plants are important as auxiliary traits in the evaluation of germplasm banks and should be studied simultaneously with other desirable characteristics such as pest and disease resistance, improved flavor and early production. Brazilian tomato breeding programs should consider not only the number of fruit but also fruit size because Brazilian consumers value fruit that are homogeneous, large and heavy. Our experiment was a randomized block design with three replicates of 32 tomato accessions from the Vegetable Germplasm Bank (Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças) at the Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil plus two control cultivars (Debora Plus and Santa Clara). Nine harvests were evaluated for four production-related traits. The results indicate that six successive harvests are sufficient to compare tomato genotypes and germplasm bank accessions. Evaluation of genotypes according to the number of fruit requires analysis from the second to the seventh harvest. Evaluation of fruit weight by genotype requires analysis from the fourth to the ninth harvest. Evaluation of both number and weight of fruit require analysis from the second to the ninth harvest