Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely highpowered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIP

Trygga barnet - early coordinated interventions for children who may end up in crime

”Trygga barnet”, en samverkansmodell i Malmö stad, är en tidig samordnad insats som bygger på Skottlandsmodellen. Samverkansparter är Arbetsmarknads- och socialförvaltningen, Grundskoleförvaltningen och Förskoleförvaltningen i Malmö stad samt Barnhälsovården och BUP Första linjen i Region Skåne. Trygga barnet har i ett pilotprojekt fokuserat på barn 0–15 år med tidiga tecken på risk att hamna i social utsatthet och kriminalitet. Syftet med utvärderingen är att diskutera och analysera samverkansprocesser i pilotprojektet ”Trygga barnet”. Fokus är på hur samverkan fungerar i relation till barnets bästa, men utvärderingen ger också mer generell kunskap om samverkansprocesser. Utvärderingens empiriska analysmaterial har insamlats genom deltagande observation av 15 projektmöten samt kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer med sju medarbetare inom ”Trygga barnets” pilotverksamheter under år 2022–2023. Resultaten visar att framgångsfaktorerna för samverkan är administrativ ledning, kompetensutveckling och medskaparskap. Även interaktion på möten samt kunskap och förståelse för varandra i verksamheterna gynnar samverkan. Ett nytt arbetssätt, ”De fem frågorna”, upplevs mycket positivt. ”Trygga barnet” ses som en meningsfull modell av informanterna. Utmaningar för samverkan är följande: Barnen, som pilotprojektet riktar sig till, är inte delaktiga i någon högre grad i arbetet med pilotprojektet. Pojkar förefaller ha större möjligheter att fångas upp av ”Trygga barnet” än flickor. Pilotprojektets struktur upplevs som otydlig av pilotverksamheterna. Medskapandeprocessen förefaller skapa motsättningar mellan pilotverksamheterna och projektgruppen. Kulturskillnader och organisatoriska mellanrum utmanar samverkan mellan pilotverksamheterna."Trygga barnet", a collaborative model in the city of Malmö in Sweden, is an early coordinated effort based on the Scottish GIRFEC (Getting It Right For Every Child) model. Collaborative partners include the Labour Market and Social Services Administration, the Primary School Administration, and the Preschool Administration in the city of Malmö, as well as Child Health Care and BUP First Line in Region Skåne. In a pilot project, "Trygga barnet" has focused on children aged 0–15 with early signs of being at risk of social vulnerability and involvement in criminal activities. The purpose of the evaluation is to discuss and analyse collaboration processes in the pilot project "Trygga barnet". The focus is on how collaboration functions in relation to the best interests of the child, but the evaluation also provides more general knowledge about collaboration processes. The empirical analysis material of the evaluation has been collected through participation in 15 project meetings and qualitative interviews with seven employees within the pilot activities of "Trygga barnet" during the years 2022–2023. The results indicate that the success factors for collaboration are administrative leadership, competence development, and co-creation. Interaction at meetings, as well as knowledge and understanding of each other in the activities, promote collaboration. A new working method, "The Five Questions" is perceived very positively. "Trygga barnet" is seen as a meaningful model by the informants. Challenges for collaboration include the following: The children targeted by the pilot project are not significantly involved in the work of the pilot project. Boys seem to have greater opportunities to be engaged by "Trygga barnet" than girls. The structure of the pilot project is perceived as unclear by the pilot activities. The co-creation process appears to create contradictions between the pilot activities and the project group. Cultural differences and organisational gaps challenge collaboration between the pilot activities.Slutrapport av BRÅS ekonomiska stöd till projekt dnr. 5.1–0334/21 (Final report of BRÅS financial support for projects registration number: 5.1–0334/21). Lund: Media-Tryck, Lund University. Early coordinated initiatives for children who may be vulnerable to, or find themselves involved in, criminalityTidiga samordnade insatser för barn som kan utsättas för eller hamna i kriminalite

An Integrated Bathymetric and Topographic Digital Terrain Model of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

Currently, the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean (IBCAO) [Jakobsson et al. 2000], contains the most up-to-date digital bathymetric model of the entire Canadian Arctic Archipelago. IBCAO is a seamless bathymetric/topographic Digital Terrain Model (DTM) that incorporates three primary data sets: all available bathymetric data at the time of compilation; the US Geological Survey GTOPO30 topographic data; and the World Vector Shoreline for coastline representation. The horizontal grid cell size is 2.5 x 2.5 km on a Polar Stereographic projection, which is adequate for regional visualization and analysis, but which may not be sufficient for certain geoscientific and oceanographic applications. However, the database that was constructed during the IBCAO project holds bathymetric data of a high quality throughout most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, justifying a compilation resolution that is better than 2.5 x 2.5 km. This data is primarily from historical hydrographic surveys that were carried out by the Canadian Hydrographic Survey (CHS). The construction of a higher resolution bathymetry/topography DTM of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (complete with an error estimation of interpolated grid cells) requires a consideration of historical metadata which contains detailed descriptions of horizontal and vertical datums, positioning systems, and the depth sounding systems that were deployed during individual surveys. A significant portion of this metadata does not exist in digital form; it was not available during the IBCAO compilation, although due to the relatively low resolution of the original DTM (2.5 x 2.5 km), its absence was considered a lesser problem. We have performed data detective work and have extracted some of the more crucial metadata from CHS archives and are thus able to present a preliminary version of a seamless Digital Terrain Model of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. This represents a significant improvement over the original IBCAO DTM in this area. The use of a merged seamless bathymetry/topography model substantially facilitates the overlay and incorporation of other spatially referenced geological and geophysical datasets. For example, one intended use of the model is to merge the results from the mapping of regional glacial morphology features, in order to further address the glacial history of the region

Reconstructing the Younger Dryas ice dammed lake in the Baltic Basin: Bathymetry, area and volume

A digital 3D-reconstruction of the Baltic Ice Lake's (BIL) configuration during the termination of the Younger Dryas cold phase (ca. 11700 cal. yr BP) was compiled using a combined bathymetric-topographic Digital Terrain Model (DTM), Scandinavian ice sheet limits, Baltic Sea Holocene bottom sediment thickness information, and a paleoshoreline database maintained at the Lund University. The bathymetric-topographic DTM, assembled from publicly available data sets, has a resolution of 500 X 500 m on Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection allowing area and volume calculations of the BIL to be made with an unprecedented accuracy. When the damming Scandinavian ice sheet margin eventually retreated north of Mount Billingen, the high point in terrain of Southern central Sweden bordering to lower terrain further to the north, the BIL was catastrophically drained resulting in a 25 m drop of the lake level. With our digital reconstruction, we estimate that approximately 7800 km(3) of water drained during this event and that the ice dammed lake area was reduced by ca. 18%. Building on previous results suggesting drainage over 1 to 2 years, our lake volume calculations imply that the freshwater flux to the contemporaneous sea in the west was between about 0.12 and 0.25 Sv. The BIL reconstruction provides new detailed information on the paleogeography in the area of southern Scandinavia, both before and after the drainage event, with implications for interpretations of geological records concerning the post-glacial environmental development. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved

Molecular Diagnosis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Caused by Puumala Virus

Rodent-borne hantaviruses cause two severe acute diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia, and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS; also called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome [HCPS]) in the Americas. Puumala virus (PUUV) is the most common causative agent of HFRS in Europe. Current routine diagnostic methods are based on serological analyses and can yield inconclusive results. Hantavirus-infected patients are viremic during the early phase of disease; therefore, detection of viral RNA genomes can be a valuable complement to existing serological methods. However, the high genomic sequence diversity of PUUV has hampered the development of molecular diagnostics, and currently no real-time reverse transcription- quantitative (RT)-PCR assay is available for routine diagnosis of HFRS. Here, we present a novel PUUV RT-PCR assay. The assay was validated for routine diagnosis of HFRS on samples collected in Sweden during the winter season from 2013 to 2014. The assay allowed detection of PUUV RNA in 98.7% of confirmed clinical HFRS samples collected within 8 days after symptomatic onset. In summary, this study shows that real-time RT-PCR can be a reliable alternative to serological tests during the early phase of HFRS

Identification of cerebrospinal fluid and serum metabolomic biomarkers in first episode psychosis patients

Psychotic disorders are currently diagnosed by examining the patient's mental state and medical history. Identifying reliable diagnostic, monitoring, predictive, or prognostic biomarkers would be useful in clinical settings and help to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we performed an untargeted metabolomics analysis using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectroscopy on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples of 25 patients at their first-episode psychosis (FEP) manifestation (baseline) and after 18 months (follow-up). CSF and serum samples of 21 healthy control (HC) subjects were also analyzed. By comparing FEP and HC groups at baseline, we found eight CSF and 32 serum psychosis-associated metabolites with non-redundant identifications. Most remarkable was the finding of increased CSF serotonin (5-HT) levels. Most metabolites identified at baseline did not differ between groups at 18-month follow-up with significant improvement of positive symptoms and cognitive functions. Comparing FEP patients at baseline and 18-month follow-up, we identified 20 CSF metabolites and 90 serum metabolites that changed at follow-up. We further utilized Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and identified candidate signaling pathways involved in psychosis pathogenesis and progression. In an extended cohort, we validated that CSF 5-HT levels were higher in FEP patients than in HC at baseline by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. To conclude, these findings provide insights into the pathophysiology of psychosis and identify potential psychosis-associated biomarkers