Традиційні звичаї як система спадкоємної культурної трансмісії (засади та досвід вивчення)

У статті на основі текстів наративів, записаних 2009 року на Сході України, досліджуються вияви процесу спадкоємності традицій – міжпоколінної передачі інформації у сфері звичаїв, обрядів та пов’язаних з ними міфологічних вірувань.В статье на основе текстов нарративов, записанных в 2009 году на Востоке Украины, исследуются проявления процесса преемственности традиций – межпоколенной передачи информации в сфере обычаев, обрядов и связанных с ними мифологических верований.The features of the traditional heredity processes are explored on the basis of the narrative texts written in Eastern Ukraine in 2009. These are “inter-generation” informational transfer in the customary, ritual and mythological spheres

Acute presentation of a heterotopic pregnancy following spontaneous conception: a case report

Spontaneous heterotopic pregnancy is a rare clinical condition in which intrauterine and extra uterine pregnancies occur at the same time. It can be a life threatening condition and can be easily missed with the diagnosis being overlooked. We present the case of a 40 year old patient who was treated for a heterotopic pregnancy. She had a transvaginal ultrasound because of a previous ectopic pregnancy and an intrauterine gestational sac was seen with false reassurances. The patient presented acutely with a ruptured tubal pregnancy and this was managed laparoscopically. The ectopic pregnancy was not suspected at her initial presentation. A high index of suspicion is needed in women with risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy and in low risk women who have free fluid with or without an adnexal mass with an intrauterine gestation

Listeriolysin O Is Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Autophagy during Listeria monocytogenes Infection

Recent studies have suggested that autophagy is utilized by cells as a protective mechanism against Listeria monocytogenes infection.However we find autophagy has no measurable role in vacuolar escape and intracellular growth in primary cultured bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) deficient for autophagy (atg5-/-). Nevertheless, we provide evidence that the pore forming activity of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin listeriolysin O (LLO) can induce autophagy subsequent to infection by L. monocytogenes. Infection of BMDMs with L. monocytogenes induced microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) lipidation, consistent with autophagy activation, whereas a mutant lacking LLO did not. Infection of BMDMs that express LC3-GFP demonstrated that wild-type L. monocytogenes was encapsulated by LC3-GFP, consistent with autophagy activation, whereas a mutant lacking LLO was not. Bacillus subtilis expressing either LLO or a related cytolysin, perfringolysin O (PFO), induced LC3 colocalization and LC3 lipidation. Further, LLO-containing liposomes also recruited LC3-GFP, indicating that LLO was sufficient to induce targeted autophagy in the absence of infection. The role of autophagy had variable effects depending on the cell type assayed. In atg5-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts, L. monocytogenes had a primary vacuole escape defect. However, the bacteria escaped and grew normally in atg5-/- BMDMs.We propose that membrane damage, such as that caused by LLO, triggers bacterial-targeted autophagy, although autophagy does not affect the fate of wild-type intracellular L. monocytogenes in primary BMDMs

The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-filled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the first time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the first time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible.Peer reviewe

Antibody mediated mucosal defences in the female genital tract

The objective of this study was to investigate antibody mediated protection of a mucosal surfaces of both the upper and lower human female genital tracts. To this end model vaccines were given to volunteer women parenterally, orally, and onto the endocervical mucosa. Mucosal washings were them analysed for vaccine specific antibody responses.Four weeks prior to total abdominal hysterectomy for dysfunctional uterine bleeding 12 women were vaccinated by intramuscular injection, and 12 women by endocervical vaccine administration with 1 ml. of formaldehyde inactivated Hepatitis A virus adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide. 17 of the women also received a live attenuated Salmonella typhi (Ty 21a) vaccine orally.Significant Hepatitis A specific IgA and IgG responses were detected in serum four weeks after vaccination both locally and parenterally. High levels of specific IgG and IgA were found throughout the genital tract but particularly in the vagina, cervix and endometrium. The highest concentration s of specific IgG and IgA were detected in the vagina and cervix following cervical vaccination and these responses were significantly greater than those generated by parenteral vaccination. Similar levels of specific IgG and IgA were found throughout the upper and lower genital tracts, suggesting that IgG is at least as important as IgA in providing humoral immunity at the mucosal surface. Immunocytochemical studies confirmed that immune cell populations capable of both antigen uptake and processing, and local antibody production, were present in the lower genital tract following cervical vaccination.Oral vaccination is clearly a highly acceptable route for vaccine administration. However, low levels of specific IgG and IgA to Salmonella typhi LPS 09 antigen were detected throughout the genital tract in those women who had seroconverted following oral immunisation.</p

Molecular Basis of the Light-driven Switching of the Photochromic Fluorescent Protein Padron*

Reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins can be repeatedly photoswitched between a fluorescent and a nonfluorescent state by irradiation with the light of two different wavelengths. The molecular basis of the switching process remains a controversial topic. Padron0.9 is a reversibly switchable fluorescent protein with “positive” switching characteristics, exhibiting excellent spectroscopic properties. Its chromophore is formed by the amino acids Cys-Tyr-Gly. We obtained high resolution x-ray structures of Padron0.9 in both the fluorescent and the nonfluorescent states and used the structural information for molecular dynamics simulations. We found that in Padron0.9 the chromophore undergoes a cis-trans isomerization upon photoswitching. The molecular dynamics simulations clarified the protonation states of the amino acid residues within the chromophore pocket that influence the protonation state of the chromophore. We conclude that a light driven cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore appears to be the fundamental switching mechanism in all photochromic fluorescent proteins known to date. Distinct absorption cross-sections for the switching wavelengths in the fluorescent and the nonfluorescent state are not essential for efficient photochromism in fluorescent proteins, although they may facilitate the switching process