An Empirical Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment in the Libyan Oil Industry

This study investigates the major factors that have restricted the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) into the oil sector in Libya. The study focuses on the period from 2000 to 2009. This period is significant since, during this time Libya witnessed dramatic foreign and economic policy changes. The research objectives are: (1) To identify the determinants of foreign direct investment into Libya’s oil industry for the period 2000-2009; (2) To reveal the obstacles and barriers which hinder FDI in Libya’s oil industry; (3) To determine the extent that the Libyan Government FDI policy influenced FDI in Libya’s oil industry. The rationale for this thesis was driven by filling an empirical void of FDI studies on the oil industry in Libya and by the intention of providing practical insights for current and future Libyan governments. This study comprises of an analysis of the 30 multinational (MNCs) oil companies that are operating in the Libyan oil industry through questionnaire and interview data from executives employed by those MNCs, as well as data from ten Libyan senior government officials involved in the Libyan oil industry and/or FDI policies. The research has provided support for several of the determinants of FDI flows traditionally found in the literature. The survey and time series analysis further reveals that access to Libya’s proven oil and gas reserves was the singular most important determinate for influencing the MNCs to undertake FDI. Furthermore, the findings identified that Libyan government foreign policy had some impact on the MNCs decision to undertake FDI. The research findings with regards to the role played by environmental risk as a determinate of FDI, demonstrate that there is no significant relationship between overall levels of environmental risk and a country‘s performance in attracting FDI. Also, this research has identified a number of factors that are causing obstacles and challenges to the attractiveness of Libya as a location for foreign investment. It has revealed that MNCs are significantly dissatisfied by the stability of the public institutions and the lack of effective regulations in Libya

The Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Libya: A Causality Analysis

This paper aims to analyse the causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows and economic growth in Libya by using empirical analysis to examine FDI Led-Export (FLE) and Export Led-Growth (ELG) hypotheses, over the period, 1992-2010. Most of FDI inflows are concentrated in the oil sector of the Libyan economy, which led to make Libya as one of the Petroleum Exporting Countries around the world. However, the role of FDI, oil exports and GDP growth relationship in Libya is still unclear. Therefore, the major focus of this paper is to explore this relationship through employing Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Model on the relevant variables which are FDI inflows, Oil exports and GDP growth. Our results confirm that there is a long-term relationship between FDI and increasing oil exports, and economic growth in Libya

Analysis of the economic policies of foreign direct investment (FDI): A case study of Libya

This research looks at the controversial issue of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Libya. Global FDI usually flows from capital surplus countries towards capital deficit countries. However, Libya is a capital surplus country, yet is still requires foreign investments. Therefore, an empirical question arises: why does Libya, as a capital surplus country, have to allow FDI? This research examines this question, as well as the distribution of FDI in Libya. It considers why most FDI in Libya is concentrated on the petroleum sector, while other sectors such as education, health, transport, manufacturing, technology and trade are ignored. The complex empirical field for this study requires close examination of the economic policies of FDI that are issued by the Libyan government. This study also examines the pattern and distribution of FDI in Libya during the international economic sanctions and following the recent removal of these sanctions, from 1992 to 2010

Analysis of the economic policies of foreign direct investment (FDI): A case study of Libya

This research looks at the controversial issue of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Libya. Global FDI usually flows from capital surplus countries towards capital deficit countries. However, Libya is a capital surplus country, yet is still requires foreign investments. Therefore, an empirical question arises: why does Libya, as a capital surplus country, have to allow FDI? This research examines this question, as well as the distribution of FDI in Libya. It considers why most FDI in Libya is concentrated on the petroleum sector, while other sectors such as education, health, transport, manufacturing, technology and trade are ignored. The complex empirical field for this study requires close examination of the economic policies of FDI that are issued by the Libyan government. This study also examines the pattern and distribution of FDI in Libya during the international economic sanctions and following the recent removal of these sanctions, from 1992 to 2010

Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology