Biodiversités « utile » et « nuisible » dans les agrosystèmes : importance pour la lutte biologique par conservation

La lutte biologique par conservation repose sur la mise en place d’aménagements dans ou autour de parcelles cultivées ou de modifications des pratiques culturales de façon à favoriser la régulation des ravageurs des cultures par des auxiliaires de lutte biologiques indigènes. Pour être efficaces, les méthodes de lutte biologique par conservation nécessitent toutefois plusieurs pré-requis : (i) une bonne compréhension de la biodiversité associée aux agrosystèmes, (ii) l’optimisation des échanges entre la culture et les autres composantes de l’agrosystème, (iii) la prise en compte d’éventuels effets non-intentionnels associés aux auxiliaires favorisés. Ces trois points sont discutés dans le cadre d’un programme en cours dont l’objectif est d’évaluer l’intérét d’une plante méditerranéenne, l’inule visqueuse Dittrichia viscosa L. (W. Greuther) (Asteraceae), pour la régulation de ravageurs dans deux agrosystèmes, l’oliveraie et la culture sous serres

Multilocus phylogeny and ecological differentiation of the "Eupelmus urozonus species group" (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) in the West-Palaearctic

Background: The ecological differentiation of insects with parasitic life-style is a complex process that may involve phylogenetic constraints as well as morphological and/ or behavioural adaptations. In most cases, the relative importance of these driving forces remains unexplored. We investigate here this question for the “ Eupelmus urozonus species group ” which encompasses parasitoid wasps of potential interest in biological control. This was achieved using seven molecular markers, re liable records on 91 host species and a proxy of the ovipositor length. Results: After using an adequate partitioning scheme, Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches provide a well-resolved phylogeny supporting the monophyly of this species group and highlighting its subdivision into three sub-groups. Great variations of both the ovipositor length and the host range (specialist versus generalist) were observed at this scale, with these two features being not significantly constrained by the phylogeny. Ovipositor length was not shown as a significant predictor of the parasitoid host range. Conclusions: This study provides firstly the first evidence for the strong lability of both the ovipositor's length and the realised host range in a set of phylogeneticall y related and sympatric species. In both cases, strong contrasts were observed between sister species. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between these two features. Alternative drivers of the ecological differentiation such as interspecific interactions are proposed and the consequences on the recruitment of these parasitoids on native and exotic pests are discussed

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background: There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low-and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods: Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results: Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion: For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Pooled analysis of WHO Surgical Safety Checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89.6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60.6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0.17, 95 per cent c.i. 0.14 to 0.21, P <0001) or low (363 of 860, 422 per cent; OR 008, 007 to 010, P <0.001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference -94 (95 per cent c.i. -11.9 to -6.9) per cent; P <0001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+121 (+7.0 to +173) per cent; P <0001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0.60, 0.50 to 073; P <0.001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low- and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries.Peer reviewe

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Contributions of molecular biology to systematics, biogeography and ecology of the Euro-Mediterranean species of the genus Eupelmus : implications for their use in biological control

Le genre Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) comprend des ecto-parasitoïdes s'attaquant essentiellement aux stades larvaires et nymphaux de divers insectes holométaboles. Jusqu'à présent, la systématique du genre Eupelmus restait mal résolue compte tenu des données limitées et restreintes à la morphologie et de l'absence de révisions taxonomiques récentes, fiables et globales. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses questions se posent concernant (i) la pertinence de la classification infra-générique actuelle du genre Eupelmus; (ii) la validité du statut taxonomique des certaines espèces décrites; (iii) la fiabilité des informations écologiques telles que la gamme d'hôtes et la distribution géographique et, donc, (iv) la compréhension des processus de spécialisation écologique et du rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus comme auxiliaires de lutte biologique. Ce travail de thèse a donc eu pour objectif d'aborder l'ensemble de ces questions en utilisant, à des fins de phylogénie et de taxonomie, une approche intégrative combinant des données moléculaires (ADN mitochondrial et nucléaire) et morphologiques.Les résultats obtenus concernant les relations phylogénétiques infra-générique montrent que la structuration supposée du genre Eupelmus en trois sous-genres (Eupelmus, Episolindelia et Macroneura), ne peut pas être retenue et que ce genre se structurerait plutôt, à l'échelle géographique retenue, en une douzaine de groupes d'espèces. De plus, l'étude de la taxonomie de deux complexes (ensemble d'espèces morphologiquement proches), les complexes “urozonus” et “vesicularis”, met globalement en évidence une diversité insoupçonnée dans la zone Euro-méditerranéenne et plus d'une dizaine d'espèces ont été découvertes et décrites comme de nouvelles espèces à l'occasion de ces travaux. D'une façon générale, les caractères morphologiques, les marqueurs nucléaires et les marqueurs mitochondriaux se sont révélés relativement concordants sauf au sein du complexe vesicularis qui présente une divergence plus marquée au niveau d'ADN mitochondrial.Dans le cadre particulier du groupe urozonus, ce travail de thèse nous a également permis d'étudier l'évolution de la spécificité d'hôtes en lien avec une phylogénie moléculaire multi-locus relativement bien résolue et une estimation de la longueur d'ovipositeur, un caractère morphologique susceptible d'expliquer l'accès aux hôtes. D'une façon générale, les analyses comparatives révèlent que la spécificité d'hôtes n'est pas contrainte par la phylogénie. Nous observons ainsi des spectres d'hôtes très contrastés entre des espèces phylogénétiquement très proches. De même, la longueur d'ovipositeur, qui semble un caractère très labile à cette échelle, ne semble pas déterminer le spectre d'hôtes. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus ont finalement été utilisées de façon à mieux comprendre le rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus sur des insectes ravageurs, la mouche de l'olive Bactrocera oleae et le cynips du châtaignier Dryocosmus kuriphilus.The genus Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) includes ecto-parasitoids attacking mostly nymphal and larval stages of various holometabolous insects. So far, the systematics of the Eupelmus genus remained poorly resolved due to limited data restricted to morphological information and the absence of recent, reliable and comprehensive taxonomic revisions. In this context, many questions arise concerning (i) the relevance of the current sub-generic classification of the Eupelmus genus; (ii) the availability of the taxonomic status of some species described; (iii) the reliability of ecologic information such as the host range and the geographical distribution; and therefore, (iv) the understanding of the ecological specialization's processes and the potential role of certain species of Eupelmus as auxiliaries of biological control. This thesis work has therefore aimed to address all of these questions by using, for the purposes of phylogeny and taxonomy, an integrative approach combining molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial DNA) and morphological data.The results obtained concerning the sub-generic phylogenetic relationships show that the supposed structuration of Eupelmus genus into three subgenera (Eupelmus, Episolindelia and Macroneura), can not be retained and that this genus would be rather structured, at the retained geographical scale, in a dozen of species groups. In addition, the study of taxonomy of two complexes (sets of morphologically similar species), the complex “urozonus” and “vesicularis”, overall highlights unsuspected diversity in the Euro-Mediterranean area and more than ten species have been discovered and described as new species on the occasion of this work. Generally, the morphological characteristics, nuclear markers and mitochondrial markers have been relatively consistent except within the vesicularis complex which exhibits more marked divergence in the mitochondrial DNA.In the particular case of the urozonus species group, this thesis work has also allowed us to study the evolution of the host specificity in relation to a relatively well-resolved multi-locus molecular phylogeny and an estimate of the length of ovipositor, a morphological character that could explain the ability to parasitize protected hosts. In general, the comparative analyses show that the host specificity is not constrained by the phylogeny. We indeed observe highly contrasted hosts ranges between closely phylogenetically related species. Similarly, the length of ovipositor, which seems a very labile character at this scale, does not seem to determine the host range. All the results obtained have finally been used to better understand the potential role of some Eupelmus species on two insect pests, the fruit olive fly Bactrocera oleae and the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Contributions of molecular biology to systematics, biogeography and ecology of the Euro-Mediterranean species of the genus Eupelmus : implications for their use in biological control

Le genre Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) comprend des ecto-parasitoïdes s'attaquant essentiellement aux stades larvaires et nymphaux de divers insectes holométaboles. Jusqu'à présent, la systématique du genre Eupelmus restait mal résolue compte tenu des données limitées et restreintes à la morphologie et de l'absence de révisions taxonomiques récentes, fiables et globales. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses questions se posent concernant (i) la pertinence de la classification infra-générique actuelle du genre Eupelmus; (ii) la validité du statut taxonomique des certaines espèces décrites; (iii) la fiabilité des informations écologiques telles que la gamme d'hôtes et la distribution géographique et, donc, (iv) la compréhension des processus de spécialisation écologique et du rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus comme auxiliaires de lutte biologique. Ce travail de thèse a donc eu pour objectif d'aborder l'ensemble de ces questions en utilisant, à des fins de phylogénie et de taxonomie, une approche intégrative combinant des données moléculaires (ADN mitochondrial et nucléaire) et morphologiques.Les résultats obtenus concernant les relations phylogénétiques infra-générique montrent que la structuration supposée du genre Eupelmus en trois sous-genres (Eupelmus, Episolindelia et Macroneura), ne peut pas être retenue et que ce genre se structurerait plutôt, à l'échelle géographique retenue, en une douzaine de groupes d'espèces. De plus, l'étude de la taxonomie de deux complexes (ensemble d'espèces morphologiquement proches), les complexes “urozonus” et “vesicularis”, met globalement en évidence une diversité insoupçonnée dans la zone Euro-méditerranéenne et plus d'une dizaine d'espèces ont été découvertes et décrites comme de nouvelles espèces à l'occasion de ces travaux. D'une façon générale, les caractères morphologiques, les marqueurs nucléaires et les marqueurs mitochondriaux se sont révélés relativement concordants sauf au sein du complexe vesicularis qui présente une divergence plus marquée au niveau d'ADN mitochondrial.Dans le cadre particulier du groupe urozonus, ce travail de thèse nous a également permis d'étudier l'évolution de la spécificité d'hôtes en lien avec une phylogénie moléculaire multi-locus relativement bien résolue et une estimation de la longueur d'ovipositeur, un caractère morphologique susceptible d'expliquer l'accès aux hôtes. D'une façon générale, les analyses comparatives révèlent que la spécificité d'hôtes n'est pas contrainte par la phylogénie. Nous observons ainsi des spectres d'hôtes très contrastés entre des espèces phylogénétiquement très proches. De même, la longueur d'ovipositeur, qui semble un caractère très labile à cette échelle, ne semble pas déterminer le spectre d'hôtes. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus ont finalement été utilisées de façon à mieux comprendre le rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus sur des insectes ravageurs, la mouche de l'olive Bactrocera oleae et le cynips du châtaignier Dryocosmus kuriphilus.The genus Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) includes ecto-parasitoids attacking mostly nymphal and larval stages of various holometabolous insects. So far, the systematics of the Eupelmus genus remained poorly resolved due to limited data restricted to morphological information and the absence of recent, reliable and comprehensive taxonomic revisions. In this context, many questions arise concerning (i) the relevance of the current sub-generic classification of the Eupelmus genus; (ii) the availability of the taxonomic status of some species described; (iii) the reliability of ecologic information such as the host range and the geographical distribution; and therefore, (iv) the understanding of the ecological specialization's processes and the potential role of certain species of Eupelmus as auxiliaries of biological control. This thesis work has therefore aimed to address all of these questions by using, for the purposes of phylogeny and taxonomy, an integrative approach combining molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial DNA) and morphological data.The results obtained concerning the sub-generic phylogenetic relationships show that the supposed structuration of Eupelmus genus into three subgenera (Eupelmus, Episolindelia and Macroneura), can not be retained and that this genus would be rather structured, at the retained geographical scale, in a dozen of species groups. In addition, the study of taxonomy of two complexes (sets of morphologically similar species), the complex “urozonus” and “vesicularis”, overall highlights unsuspected diversity in the Euro-Mediterranean area and more than ten species have been discovered and described as new species on the occasion of this work. Generally, the morphological characteristics, nuclear markers and mitochondrial markers have been relatively consistent except within the vesicularis complex which exhibits more marked divergence in the mitochondrial DNA.In the particular case of the urozonus species group, this thesis work has also allowed us to study the evolution of the host specificity in relation to a relatively well-resolved multi-locus molecular phylogeny and an estimate of the length of ovipositor, a morphological character that could explain the ability to parasitize protected hosts. In general, the comparative analyses show that the host specificity is not constrained by the phylogeny. We indeed observe highly contrasted hosts ranges between closely phylogenetically related species. Similarly, the length of ovipositor, which seems a very labile character at this scale, does not seem to determine the host range. All the results obtained have finally been used to better understand the potential role of some Eupelmus species on two insect pests, the fruit olive fly Bactrocera oleae and the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Apports de la biologie moléculaire à la systématique, biogéographie et écologie des espèces euroméditerranéennes du genre Eupelmus : implications pour leur utilisation en lutte biologique

The genus Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) includes ecto-parasitoids attacking mostly nymphal and larval stages of various holometabolous insects. So far, the systematics of the Eupelmus genus remained poorly resolved due to limited data restricted to morphological information and the absence of recent, reliable and comprehensive taxonomic revisions. In this context, many questions arise concerning (i) the relevance of the current sub-generic classification of the Eupelmus genus; (ii) the availability of the taxonomic status of some species described; (iii) the reliability of ecologic information such as the host range and the geographical distribution; and therefore, (iv) the understanding of the ecological specialization's processes and the potential role of certain species of Eupelmus as auxiliaries of biological control. This thesis work has therefore aimed to address all of these questions by using, for the purposes of phylogeny and taxonomy, an integrative approach combining molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial DNA) and morphological data.The results obtained concerning the sub-generic phylogenetic relationships show that the supposed structuration of Eupelmus genus into three subgenera (Eupelmus, Episolindelia and Macroneura), can not be retained and that this genus would be rather structured, at the retained geographical scale, in a dozen of species groups. In addition, the study of taxonomy of two complexes (sets of morphologically similar species), the complex “urozonus” and “vesicularis”, overall highlights unsuspected diversity in the Euro-Mediterranean area and more than ten species have been discovered and described as new species on the occasion of this work. Generally, the morphological characteristics, nuclear markers and mitochondrial markers have been relatively consistent except within the vesicularis complex which exhibits more marked divergence in the mitochondrial DNA.In the particular case of the urozonus species group, this thesis work has also allowed us to study the evolution of the host specificity in relation to a relatively well-resolved multi-locus molecular phylogeny and an estimate of the length of ovipositor, a morphological character that could explain the ability to parasitize protected hosts. In general, the comparative analyses show that the host specificity is not constrained by the phylogeny. We indeed observe highly contrasted hosts ranges between closely phylogenetically related species. Similarly, the length of ovipositor, which seems a very labile character at this scale, does not seem to determine the host range. All the results obtained have finally been used to better understand the potential role of some Eupelmus species on two insect pests, the fruit olive fly Bactrocera oleae and the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus.Le genre Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) comprend des ecto-parasitoïdes s'attaquant essentiellement aux stades larvaires et nymphaux de divers insectes holométaboles. Jusqu'à présent, la systématique du genre Eupelmus restait mal résolue compte tenu des données limitées et restreintes à la morphologie et de l'absence de révisions taxonomiques récentes, fiables et globales. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses questions se posent concernant (i) la pertinence de la classification infra-générique actuelle du genre Eupelmus; (ii) la validité du statut taxonomique des certaines espèces décrites; (iii) la fiabilité des informations écologiques telles que la gamme d'hôtes et la distribution géographique et, donc, (iv) la compréhension des processus de spécialisation écologique et du rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus comme auxiliaires de lutte biologique. Ce travail de thèse a donc eu pour objectif d'aborder l'ensemble de ces questions en utilisant, à des fins de phylogénie et de taxonomie, une approche intégrative combinant des données moléculaires (ADN mitochondrial et nucléaire) et morphologiques.Les résultats obtenus concernant les relations phylogénétiques infra-générique montrent que la structuration supposée du genre Eupelmus en trois sous-genres (Eupelmus, Episolindelia et Macroneura), ne peut pas être retenue et que ce genre se structurerait plutôt, à l'échelle géographique retenue, en une douzaine de groupes d'espèces. De plus, l'étude de la taxonomie de deux complexes (ensemble d'espèces morphologiquement proches), les complexes “urozonus” et “vesicularis”, met globalement en évidence une diversité insoupçonnée dans la zone Euro-méditerranéenne et plus d'une dizaine d'espèces ont été découvertes et décrites comme de nouvelles espèces à l'occasion de ces travaux. D'une façon générale, les caractères morphologiques, les marqueurs nucléaires et les marqueurs mitochondriaux se sont révélés relativement concordants sauf au sein du complexe vesicularis qui présente une divergence plus marquée au niveau d'ADN mitochondrial.Dans le cadre particulier du groupe urozonus, ce travail de thèse nous a également permis d'étudier l'évolution de la spécificité d'hôtes en lien avec une phylogénie moléculaire multi-locus relativement bien résolue et une estimation de la longueur d'ovipositeur, un caractère morphologique susceptible d'expliquer l'accès aux hôtes. D'une façon générale, les analyses comparatives révèlent que la spécificité d'hôtes n'est pas contrainte par la phylogénie. Nous observons ainsi des spectres d'hôtes très contrastés entre des espèces phylogénétiquement très proches. De même, la longueur d'ovipositeur, qui semble un caractère très labile à cette échelle, ne semble pas déterminer le spectre d'hôtes. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus ont finalement été utilisées de façon à mieux comprendre le rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus sur des insectes ravageurs, la mouche de l'olive Bactrocera oleae et le cynips du châtaignier Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Data from: Multilocus phylogeny and ecological differentiation of the “Eupelmus urozonus species group” (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) in the West-Palaearctic

Background: The ecological differentiation of insects with parasitic life-style is a complex process that may involve phylogenetic constraints as well as morphological and/or behavioural adaptations. In most cases, the relative importance of these driving forces remains unexplored. We investigate here this question for the “Eupelmus urozonus species group” which encompasses parasitoid wasps of potential interest in biological control. This was achieved using seven molecular markers, reliable records on 91 host species and a proxy of the ovipositor length. Results: After using an adequate partitioning scheme, Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches provide a well-resolved phylogeny supporting the monophyly of this species group and highlighting its subdivision into three sub-groups. Great variations of both the ovipositor length and the host range (specialist versus generalist) were observed at this scale, with these two features being not significantly constrained by the phylogeny. Ovipositor length was not shown as a significant predictor of the parasitoid host range. Conclusions: This study provides firstly the first evidence for the strong lability of both the ovipositor’s length and the realised host range in a set of phylogenetically related and sympatric species. In both cases, strong contrasts were observed between sister species. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between these two features. Alternative drivers of the ecological differentiation such as interspecific interactions are proposed and the consequences on the recruitment of these parasitoids on native and exotic pests are discussed