OCORRÊNCIA DE PARASITOS GASTRINTESTINAIS EM AVES SILVESTRES NO MUNICÍPIO DE SEROPÉDICA, RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL

Este estudo buscou evidenciar o papel das enteroparasitoses como fator adicional de pressão biológica sobre as espécies de aves silvestres locais e migratórias. A ocorrência de endoparasitos pode ser considerada como indicador de alterações indesejáveis das condições higiênicas, acarretando diminuição das áreas naturais com comprometimento dos locais de descanso e da qualidade do hábitat utilizado como ponto de alimentação aviária. Setenta e cinco amostras fecais foram coletadas no câmpus da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Brasil, entre agosto 2007 e maio 2008, e analisadas em lugol e pela técnica de Faust. Das amostras analisadas, 82,66% foram positivas para parasitas entéricos, 44% parasitados por tricomonadídeos, 5,33% com o gênero Chilomastix, 52% com oocistos de coccídeos, 29,33% por formas vegetativas de Entamoeba coli, 37,33% com Iodamoeba butschlii e 10,66% com ovos de helmintos. A elevada prevalência de enteroparasitas indica a necessidade de estudos mais detalhados e avaliações mais frequentes de saneamento deste hábitat, cujo impacto parece estar associado às precárias condições higiênicas locais decorrentes da crescente antropização na região. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Aves silvestres, enteroparasitos, impacto ambiental

LOS ENDOPARÁSITOS COMO INDICADORES DE CALIDAD AMBIENTAL EN AVES SILVESTRES EN LA RESERVA BIOLÓGICA DE TINGUÁ, RÍO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL

Wild birds are hosts of a variety of parasites. Their migratory behavior increases the dispersion of parasites and consequently the occurrence of diseases in various locations around the world. To identify the parasitological fauna of wild birds in the Tinguá Biological Reserve in Rio de Janeiro state-Brazil, 43 birds belonging to the orders Passeriformes and Columbiformes were captured and stool samples collected. Four birds (9.3%) were positive for parasites. In the fecal samples, trematode eggs of the Tanaisia sp and oocysts of coccidia as Isospora sp were found. The low parasite prevalence in wild birds found in this study may be an environmental quality indicator,because the reserve is a preserved area that has little human interference. We emphasize also thatthe use of the technique of collecting stool samples with anal swabs was successful for diagnostic purposes.Aves silvestres são hospedeiras de uma diversidade de parasitos e o comportamento migratório aumenta a dispersão dos arasitos e consequentemente a ocorrência de enfermidades em diversas localidades do mundo. Com o objetivo de conhecer a fauna parasitológica de aves silvestres de uma Reserva Biológica do estado do Rio de Janeiro, 43 aves pertencentes às ordens Passeriformes e Columbiformes foram capturadas e amostras de fezes colhidas. A prevalência parasitária das aves capturadas foi de 9,3% (4/43). Foram encontrados nas amostras de fezes, ovos de trematódeo do gênero Tanaisia e oocistos de coccídeos pertencentes ao gênero Isospora.Abaixa prevalência parasitária em aves silvestres encontrada no presente estudo pode ser um indicador de qualidade ambiental, pois a reserva é uma área conservada que possui pouca interferência humana. Destacamos, também, que o uso da técnica de coleta das fezes através de swab anal, revelou-se eficaz para fins de diagnóstico

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations. METHODS: We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-1994.Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017. Findings In 2017,34.1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33.3-35.0) deaths and 121 billion (144-1.28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61.0% (59.6-62.4) of deaths and 48.3% (46.3-50.2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10.4 million (9.39-11.5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7.10 million [6.83-7.37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6.53 million [5.23-8.23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4.72 million [2.99-6.70] deaths and 148 million [98.6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1.43 million [1.36-1.51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4.9% (3.3-6.5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23.5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18.6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low. Interpretation By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning. Copyright (C) 2018 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd

Detecção e identificação de espécies de Rickettsia em carrapatos coletados de aves silvestres no Brasil pela PCR-RFLP

Rickettsioses transmitidas por carrapatos são doenças zoonóticas graves e potencialmente ameaçadoras à vida. A detecção e identificação de bactérias do gênero Rickettsia em populações de carrapatos tornaram-se mais fáceis e precisas nos últimos 25 anos, devido ao desenvolvimento de métodos baseados em biologia molecular. Atualmente, sete espécies de Rickettsia foram descritas nos carrapatos brasileiros, utilizando PCR para a detecção e sequenciamento de ``amplicons´´ para a identificação. A análise in silico de sequências que codificam os genes gltA, htrA e ompB dessas espécies foi realizada e revelou ser a base para um novo método de PCR-RFLP, que permite a identificação diferencial das sete espécies brasileiras. O método foi avaliado utilizando larvas e ninfas de Amblyomma longirostre, Amblyomma ovale e Amblyomma varium coletadas em aves na Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. A espécie “Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii” foi identificada em 100% dos A. longirostre examinados, enquanto que as outras duas espécies de carrapatos foram PCR negativos. O método básico emprega as endonucleases de restrição MspI e Rsal e pode ser realizada no decurso de um único dia de trabalho. Dispõe de um conveniente e rentável meio para executar a análise em grande escala de populações de carrapatos, e deve ser um benefício para os pesquisadores que não dispõem de recursos financeiros ou técnicos necessários para a identificação baseado no sequenciamento

Ticks on birds caught on the campus of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Carrapatos em aves capturadas no campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

The prevalence of parasitic infections, particularly those caused by ectoparasites, may influence the biology and ecology of wild birds. The aim of this study was to investigate occurrences and identify the species of ticks collected from wild birds caught on the campus of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. The birds were caught using mist nets between October 2009 and December 2010. In total, 223 birds were caught, represented by 53 species and 19 families in nine orders. Nineteen birds (n = 7 species) were parasitized by immature ticks (prevalence of 8.5%). Forty-four ticks were collected, of which 23 were nymphs and 21 were larvae. There were associations between parasitism by ticks and non-Passeriformes birds, and between parasitism and ground-dwelling birds, which was possibly due to the presence (or inclusion among the captured birds) of Vanellus chilensis (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae). All the nymphs collected were identified as Amblyomma cajennense. In general terms, we must emphasize that wild birds in the study area may play the role of dispersers for the immature stages of A. cajennense, albeit non-preferentially.<br>A prevalência das infecções parasitárias e em particular, aquelas causadas por ectoparasitos, pode influenciar na biologia e ecologia das aves silvestres. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a ocorrência e identificar as espécies de carrapatos coletadas em aves silvestres capturadas no campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. As aves foram coletadas em rede-de-neblina durante o período de outubro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. No total foram capturadas 223 aves representadas por 53 espécies, 19 famílias em 9 ordens. Parasitismo por formas imaturas de carrapatos, foram encontradas em 19 aves (n = 7 espécies) correspondendo a uma prevalência de 8,5%. Foram coletados 44 carrapatos onde 23 estavam em estágio de ninfa e 21 em estágio de larva. Houve associação entre o parasitismo por carrapatos e aves não Passeriformes e entre o parasitismo e aves de hábitos terrestres capturadas, que se deu possivelmente pela presença (ou inclusão da captura) de Vanellus chilensis (Charadriiforme: Charadriidae). Todas as ninfas coletadas foram identificadas como Amblyomma cajennense. De modo geral, devemos ressaltar que aves silvestres da área estudada podem exercer papel de dispersoras, ainda que não preferenciais, para estágios imaturos de A. cajennense

Activation of the &alpha;7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Prevents against Microglial-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Hypothalamic Neuronal Cells

Neuronal hypothalamic insulin resistance is implicated in energy balance dysregulation and contributes to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Its development has been intimately associated with a neuroinflammatory process mainly orchestrated by activated microglial cells. In this regard, our study aimed to investigate a target that is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and involved in the regulation of the inflammatory process, but still poorly investigated within the context of neuronal insulin resistance: the &alpha;7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (&alpha;7nAchR). Herein, we show that mHypoA-2/29 neurons exposed to pro-inflammatory microglial conditioned medium (MCM) showed higher expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1&beta;, and TNF-&alpha;, in addition to developing insulin resistance. Activation of &alpha;7nAchR with the selective agonist PNU-282987 prevented microglial-induced inflammation by inhibiting NF-&kappa;B nuclear translocation and increasing IL-10 and tristetraprolin (TTP) gene expression. The anti-inflammatory role of &alpha;7nAchR was also accompanied by an improvement in insulin sensitivity and lower activation of neurodegeneration-related markers, such as GSK3 and tau. In conclusion, we show that activation of &alpha;7nAchR anti-inflammatory signaling in hypothalamic neurons exerts neuroprotective effects and prevents the development of insulin resistance induced by pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by microglial cells