Multimedia networks in cars

Moderní elektronika se stává nezbytnou součástí dnešních automobilů. Dynamicky se rozvíjející informační a telematické služby nacházejí široké uplatnění v automobilovém prostředí. Moderní aplikace vyžadují přenos velkého množství dat, což jim zajišťují dnešní komunikační protokoly. Cílem mé diplomové práce je analýza a návrh implementace multimediálních sítí do automobilů. Jednotlivé návrhy jsou charakterizovány a srovnány podle požadavků, kterým jsou v automobilovém prostředí vystaveny. Navržené topologie využívají nejen dnes používané technologie, ale jsou zde i návrhy, které nebyly dosud v automobilovém prostředí použity. Jednotlivé návrhy jsou srovnány a vyhodnoceny z pohledu automobilového výrobce.Automotive manufacturers face interesting challenges as electronic devices are becoming essential in modern vehicles. One of the most rapidly growing domains is infotainment and telematics, where applications require a large amount of data to be transmitted on-board and also exchanged with the external world. This thesis is intended to analyze possible implementations of multimedia networks in vehicles, in relation to various aspects and features in this area. Based on various requirements different multimedia networks are proposed and studied, making a comparison between them with regards to a number of criteria. A broad approach during the investigation of the multimedia protocols is chosen in order to enlarge the area of used technology. The comparison gives an insight into the particular proposed solutions from the automotive industry’s point of view. Based on the comparison of the proposals a suitable multimedia network can be chosen.

Trademarks, Certification Marks and Technical Standards

The names of many technical standards such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and DVD have become household terms known throughout the developed world. This chapter describes different approaches that have been taken with respect to the naming and legal protection of technical standards, ranging from those that are wholly unregulated to those that are administered under strict certification and compliance regimes. It concludes by questioning the need for aggressive protection of marks that exist largely to inform consumers about technical product features rather than the source of standards themselves

Automated Visual Database Creation For A Ground Vehicle Simulator

This research focuses on extracting road models from stereo video sequences taken from a moving vehicle. The proposed method combines color histogram based segmentation, active contours (snakes) and morphological processing to extract road boundary coordinates for conversion into Matlab or Multigen OpenFlight compatible polygonal representations. Color segmentation uses an initial truth frame to develop a color probability density function (PDF) of the road versus the terrain. Subsequent frames are segmented using a Maximum Apostiori Probability (MAP) criteria and the resulting templates are used to update the PDFs. Color segmentation worked well where there was minimal shadowing and occlusion by other cars. A snake algorithm was used to find the road edges which were converted to 3D coordinates using stereo disparity and vehicle position information. The resulting 3D road models were accurate to within 1 meter

On-Board Electronic Control Systems of Future Automated Heavy Machinery

The level of automation and wireless communication has increased in heavy machinery recently. This requires utilizing new devices and communication solutions in heavy machinery applications which involve demanding operating conditions and challenging life-cycle management. Therefore, the applied devices have to be robust and hardware architectures flexible, consisting of generic modules. In research and development projects devices that have various communication interfaces and insufficient mechanical and electrical robustness need to be applied. Although this thesis has its main focus on machines utilized as research platforms, many of the challenges are similar with commercial machines.The applicability of typical solutions for data transfer is discussed. Controller area network with a standardized higher level protocol is proposed to be applied where data signalling rates above 1 Mb/s are not required. The main benefits are the availability of robust, generic devices and well-established software tools for configuration management. Ethernet can be utilized to network equipment with high data rates, typically used for perception. Although deterministic industrial Ethernet protocols would fulfil most requirements, the conventional internet protocol suite is likely to be applied due to device availability.Sometimes sensors and other devices without a suitable communication interface need to be applied. In addition, device-related real-time processing or accurate synchronization of hardware signals may be required. A small circuit board with a microcontroller can be utilized as a generic embedded module for building robust, small and cost-efficient prototype devices that have a controller area network interface. Although various microcontroller boards are commercially available, designing one for heavy machinery applications, in particular, has benefits in robustness, size, interfaces, and flexible software development. The design of such a generic embedded module is presented.The device-specific challenges of building an automated machine are discussed. Unexpected switch-off of embedded computers has to be prevented by the control system to avoid file system errors. Moreover, the control system has to protect the batteries against deep discharge when the engine is not running. With many devices, protective enclosures with heating or cooling are required.The electronic control systems of two automated machines utilized as research platforms are presented and discussed as examples. The hardware architectures of the control systems are presented, following the proposed communication solutions as far as is feasible. Several applications of the generic embedded module within the control systems are described. Several research topics have been covered utilizing the automated machines. In this thesis, a cost-efficient operator-assisting functionality of an excavator is presented and discussed in detail.The results of this thesis give not only research institutes but also machine manufacturers and their subcontractors an opportunity to streamline the prototyping of automated heavy machinery

Network simulation for professional audio networks

Audio Engineers are required to design and deploy large multi-channel sound systems which meet a set of requirements and use networking technologies such as Firewire and Ethernet AVB. Bandwidth utilisation and parameter groupings are among the factors which need to be considered in these designs. An implementation of an extensible, generic simulation framework would allow audio engineers to easily compare protocols and networking technologies and get near real time responses with regards to bandwidth utilisation. Our hypothesis is that an application-level capability can be developed which uses a network simulation framework to enable this process and enhances the audio engineer’s experience of designing and configuring a network. This thesis presents a new, extensible simulation framework which can be utilised to simulate professional audio networks. This framework is utilised to develop an application - AudioNetSim - based on the requirements of an audio engineer. The thesis describes the AudioNetSim models and implementations for Ethernet AVB, Firewire and the AES- 64 control protocol. AudioNetSim enables bandwidth usage determination for any network configuration and connection scenario and is used to compare Firewire and Ethernet AVB bandwidth utilisation. It also applies graph theory to the circular join problem and provides a solution to detect circular joins

Risk Assessment Framework for Evaluation of Cybersecurity Threats and Vulnerabilities in Medical Devices

Medical devices are vulnerable to cybersecurity exploitation and, while they can provide improvements to clinical care, they can put healthcare organizations and their patients at risk of adverse impacts. Evidence has shown that the proliferation of devices on medical networks present cybersecurity challenges for healthcare organizations due to their lack of built-in cybersecurity controls and the inability for organizations to implement security controls on them. The negative impacts of cybersecurity exploitation in healthcare can include the loss of patient confidentiality, risk to patient safety, negative financial consequences for the organization, and loss of business reputation. Assessing the risk of vulnerabilities and threats to medical devices can inform healthcare organizations toward prioritization of resources to reduce risk most effectively. In this research, we build upon a database-driven approach to risk assessment that is based on the elements of threat, vulnerability, asset, and control (TVA-C). We contribute a novel framework for the cybersecurity risk assessment of medical devices. Using a series of papers, we answer questions related to the risk assessment of networked medical devices. We first conducted a case study empirical analysis that determined the scope of security vulnerabilities in a typical computerized medical environment. We then created a cybersecurity risk framework to identify threats and vulnerabilities to medical devices and produce a quantified risk assessment. These results supported actionable decision making at managerial and operational levels of a typical healthcare organization. Finally, we applied the framework using a data set of medical devices received from a partnering healthcare organization. We compare the assessment results of our framework to a commercial risk assessment vulnerability management system used to analyze the same assets. The study also compares our framework results to the NIST Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) scores related to identified vulnerabilities reported through the Common Vulnerability and Exposure (CVE) program. As a result of these studies, we recognize several contributions to the area of healthcare cybersecurity. To begin with, we provide the first comprehensive vulnerability assessment of a robotic surgical environment, using a da Vinci surgical robot along with its supporting computing assets. This assessment supports the assertion that networked computer environments are at risk of being compromised in healthcare facilities. Next, our framework, known as MedDevRisk, provides a novel method for risk quantification. In addition, our assessment approach uniquely considers the assets that are of value to a medical organization, going beyond the medical device itself. Finally, our incorporation of risk scenarios into the framework represents a novel approach to medical device risk assessment, which was synthesized from other well-known standards. To our knowledge, our research is the first to apply a quantified assessment framework to the problem area of healthcare cybersecurity and medical networked devices. We would conclude that a reduction in the uncertainty about the riskiness of the cybersecurity status of medical devices can be achieved using this framework

Quantitative Measurement of Cyber Resilience: Modeling and Experimentation

Cyber resilience is the ability of a system to resist and recover from a cyber attack, thereby restoring the system's functionality. Effective design and development of a cyber resilient system requires experimental methods and tools for quantitative measuring of cyber resilience. This paper describes an experimental method and test bed for obtaining resilience-relevant data as a system (in our case -- a truck) traverses its route, in repeatable, systematic experiments. We model a truck equipped with an autonomous cyber-defense system and which also includes inherent physical resilience features. When attacked by malware, this ensemble of cyber-physical features (i.e., "bonware") strives to resist and recover from the performance degradation caused by the malware's attack. We propose parsimonious mathematical models to aid in quantifying systems' resilience to cyber attacks. Using the models, we identify quantitative characteristics obtainable from experimental data, and show that these characteristics can serve as useful quantitative measures of cyber resilience.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2302.04413, arXiv:2302.0794

Vehicular Communication in Obstructed and Non Line-of-Sight Scenarios

Since the invention of the first car available to masses, the 1908 Ford Model T, technology has advanced towards making car travel safer for occupants and bystanders. In recent years, wireless communication has been introduced in the vehicular industry as a means to avoid accidents and save lives.Wireless communication may sometimes be challenging due to obstacles in the physical world that interact with wireless signals. Such obstacles may be dynamic, e.g. other vehicles in the traffic flow, or static, e.g. nearby buildings. Two scenarios are defined to describe those cases. The obstructed line-of-sight (OLOS) scenario is described as the case where a smaller obstacle, usually a vehicle, is placed in-between a transmitter and a receiver. This obstacle usually partially blocks communication and the receiver often moves in an out of the line-of-sight. The non line-of-sight (NLOS) scenario is described as the case where a larger obstacle completely blocks communication between a transmitter and a receiver. An example would be a building at an intersection which shadows the communication between two vehicles. In this thesis the OLOS and NLOS scenarios are investigated from different points of view.In chapter 2, a road side unit (RSU) that has been constructed and evaluated for integrating older vehicles without wireless communication with newer vehicles using wireless communication is described. Older vehicles are being detected using a universal medium-range radar and their position and speed vectors are broadcasted wirelessly to newer vehicles. Tests have been performed by using the system in parallel with wireless enabled vehicles; by comparing the content in the messages obtained from both systems, the RSU has been found to perform adequately. Accuracy tests have been performed on the system and Kalman filtering has been applied to improve the accuracy even further.Chapter 3 focuses on the OLOS scenario. A truck as an obstacle for wireless vehicular communication is being investigated. Real life measurements have been performed to characterize and model the wireless channel around the truck. The distance dependent path loss and additional shadowing loss due to the truck is analyzed through dynamic measurements. The large scale fading, delay and Doppler spreads are characterized as a measure of the channel dispersion in the time and frequency domains. It has been found that a truck as an obstacle reduces the received power by 12 and 13 dB on average in rural and highway scenarios, respectively. Also, the dispersion in time and frequency domains is highly increased when the line-of-sight is obstructed by the truck. A model for power contributions due to diffraction around the truck has also been proposed and evaluated using the previously mentioned real life measurements. It has been found that communication may actually be possible using solely diffraction around a truck as a propagation mechanism.Finally, in chapter 4 a wireless channel emulator that has been constructed and evaluated is described. Modem manufacturers face a challenge when designing and implementing equipment for highly dynamic environments found in vehicular communication. For testing and evaluation real-life measurements with vehicles are required, which is often an expensive and slow process. The channel emulator proposed is designed and implemented using a software defined radio (SDR). The emulator together with the proposed test methodology enables quick on-bench evaluation of wireless modems. It may also be used to evaluate modem performance in different NLOS and OLOS scenarios