Leadership in Teams: Signaling or Reciprocating ?

How does leadership work in teams? In this paper, leadership is grounded on both the possession of a private information by the leader and by her ability to communicate credibly with followers in order to induce them to expand high efforts. This paper reports an experiment testing the efficiency of two costly communication devices introduced by Hermalin (1998): leading-by-example and leading-by-sacrifice. In leading-by-example, the leader's effort is observable by the follower. Experimental evidence shows that leadership works more through reciprocity than through signaling. In leading-by-sacrifice, the leader can give up a part of her payoff. Experimental evidence indicates that this sacrifice works as a truthful signaling device when it is lost for the follower but not when it is transferred to him.experimental economics; leadership; reciprocity; signaling; work teams

Frankfurt's gemeinnützige Anstalten : eine historisch-statistische Darstellung der milden Stiftungen, Stipendien, Wittwen u. Waisen-, Hülfs- und Sparkassen, Vereine, Schulen &c. ; nebst einem geschichtlichen Ueberblick der in dieser Stadt erschienenen periodischen Schriften und Lokalblätter ; von der ältesten bis auf die gegenwärtige Zeit ; Theil 1-2

Enthaltene Teile: [1] . - 1845. - XVI, 472 S. + 2. Die Jahre 1845 bis 1855 enthaltend. - 1856. - XII, 270 S

A note on NMHV form factors from the Gra{\ss}mannian and the twistor string

In this note we investigate Gra{\ss}mannian formulas for form factors of the chiral part of the stress-tensor multiplet in $\mathcal{N}=4$ superconformal Yang-Mills theory. We present an all-$n$ contour for the $G(3,n+2)$ Gra{\ss}mannian integral of NMHV form factors derived from on-shell diagrams and the BCFW recursion relation. In addition, we study other $G(3,n+2)$ formulas obtained from the connected prescription introduced recently. We find a recursive expression for all $n$ and study its properties. For $n \geq 6$, our formula has the same recursive structure as its amplitude counterpart, making its soft behaviour manifest. Finally, we explore the connection between the two Gra{\ss}mannian formulations, using the global residue theorem, and find that it is much more intricate compared to scattering amplitudes.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures; v2: JHEP version + minor correction

TPP and Environmental Regulation

Published as Chapter 8 in Megaregulation Contested: Global Economic Ordering After TPP, Benedict Kingsbury, David M. Malone, Paul Mertenskötter, Richard B. Stewart, Thomas Streinz & Atsushi Sunami, eds. This article examines the environment-related provisions of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) to assess how and how much they contribute to a larger megaregulatory program for the Asia-Pacific region. The TPP calls for ‘high levels’ of environmental protection and effective enforcement; incorporates duties from several multilateral environmental agreements; adds new provisions addressing several important environmental problems; mandates administrative best practices; promotes corporate social responsibility and the use of voluntary certification systems; and provides implementation mechanisms for most of these provisions ranging from Party negotiations to committee processes and binding arbitration. On the whole, it promotes a model of environmental regulation consistent with that of most OECD countries. The resulting movement toward cross-border regulatory alignment is likely to make member state environmental programs increasingly legible and navigable for transnational business actors. Alignment dynamics are likely to contribute to increased economic and political integration through implementation of common administrative techniques, increasing communication and idea-sharing among mandated committees and resulting networks of officials, and increased trade and regulatory interactions across member states. The TPP’s environmental regulatory program is quite different from China’s current model, and seems likely to provide an important arena for engaging and countering Chinese policies. While the TPP’s environmental provisions are likely to spur improved environmental regulation in some member countries, they do not point toward a governance system capable of controlling the environmental degradation brought by continuingly intensifying production and trade.https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/book_sections/1375/thumbnail.jp

Competitive Supragovernmental Regulation: How Could It Be Democratic?

The purpose of this Article is to work through an initial assessment of the democratic potential of competitive supragovernmental regulatory systems. Section II lays out the main institutional elements of competitive supragovernmental regulation and gives some examples of its operation. Key features include implementation through market chains, increasingly participatory and transparent deliberative procedures, and competition among programs. Section III then focuses on the democratic dimensions of competitive supragovernmental regulatory systems. In partial contrast to other work important in the field, it takes a systemic view, examining the composite democratic potential of regulatory systems composed of multiple programs, rather than focusing on individual programs. It argues that competing programs significantly shape each other\u27s policies, creating an overall tendency toward increased democratization. For example, leading programs that practice increasingly sophisticated forms of deliberative and representative democracy are slowly pushing lagging programs in the same directions, thus creating system- wide democratic tendencies. Section III also argues that competition among programs places them under steady incentives to develop standards and implementation mechanisms that will both operate effectively and achieve widespread acceptance, thereby instituting a form of democratic experimentalism. Section IV concludes by first summarizing the democratic case for competitive supragovernmental regulation and then discussing some of its primary weaknesses. One of its key conclusions is that we presently do not know enough about the dynamics of competition among programs to be confident that they indeed result in regulatory standards that reflect and anticipate broader public values. Therefore we need to learn much more about what factors determine the outcomes of supragovernmental regulatory competitions. It may then be possible to revise the rules governing that competition to more fully realize its democratic potential

Longitudinal analysis of gait in people with Parkinson’s disease to improve the detection of risk of falls

Within 3 years of diagnosis, more than 85% of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) develop gait problems, which may lead to falls resulting in serious injury and reduced quality of life. The evolution of gait impairments with PD progression and the relationship between locomotor performance and falls in PD are unclear. In addition, large individual variations exist at the level of gait performances corresponding to specific levels of disease severity. Deficits in cognitive and sensory-motor functions in PD also impair the ability to walk while doing another task (i.e., dual-tasking). When attentional resources in PD patients are allocated to more than one task, gait abnormalities increase. This suggests that dual-task walking may present a higher sensitivity to predict future falls in PD patients. The goals of this project are 1) to determine the effects of an attention-demanding task (i.e., phoneme monitoring) on gait in PD patients and age-matched controls, 2) to characterize within-participant changes of gait performance over six-month intervals and their relationship to changes in cognition, and 3) to predict near falls, falls and mobility impairments occurring during a one-year follow-up period in PD patients based on baseline gait performance. The longitudinal design of this study consists in assessing gait during single and dual-task walking every six months, and to collect information about falls and near falls. This project will improve the objective assessment of fall risk in PD patients using gait parameters during cognitively challenging conditions, similar to those experienced in patient’s daily life

Governance Interactions in Sustainable Supply Chain Management

Published as Chapter 3 in Transnational Business Governance Interactions: Enhancing Regulatory Capacity, Ratcheting up Standards, and Empowering Marginalized Actors, Stepan Wood, Rebecca Schmidt, Errol Meidinger,Burkard Eberlein, and Kenneth W. Abbot, eds. Supply chains are a major site of transnational business governance, and yet their dynamics and effectiveness are usually more assumed than interrogated in regulatory governance discourse. The very term ‘chain’ implies a more determinist and simplistic understanding of supply relationships than is empirically supportable. Supply chains in practice are complex, dynamic, and highly variable networks. Based on peer-group presentations by more than sixty supply chain professionals, this chapter analyzes sustainable supply chain management practices in terms of the Transnational Business Governance Interactions framework. It discusses possible refinements of the framework and suggests that sustainable supply chain management (1) is likely to make modest contributions to improving governance capacity, (2) may or may not ratchet up standards, and (3) may help protect marginalized parties, but is focused on better using the existing power of lead firms in supply chains.https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/book_sections/1378/thumbnail.jp

NEURAL MECHANISMS UNDERLYING SENSORIMOTOR SYNCHRONIZATION WITH DIFFERENT FORMS OF RHYTHMS

Neural activity exhibits non-periodic rhythm [2] but it is unknown if neural activity synchronizes with non-periodic rhythms, as it does with periodic rhythms [1]. The purpose of this research is to determine the neural mechanisms present leading to synchronized finger tapping to varying rhythms. Twenty healthy young adults tapped their finger on a pressure sensitive pad, listened to metronomes, and wore a electroencephalogram (EEG) during synchronized finger tapping tasks (periodic, fractal, and random). Inter-tap intervals (ITIs), inter-beat intervals (IBIs), and frequency tags were used as the behavioral and cortical synchronization with the metronome. One-way ANOVAs were used to determine differences between the peak cortical frequencies present during synchronization and the frequency of the metronome. The periodic rhythm stimulated the most prominent peak in most participants. Mean frequency of the fractal and periodic metronomes were similar between brain activity and the metronome for the Oz electrode. The peak frequencies in the fractal and random conditions are difficult to identify in all participants and is requiring more detailed identification processes. The identification of these frequencies will be based on the identification of the peak frequencies present from the metronome and the distribution of amplitudes at those frequencies, as they are expected to be present in cortical recordings. The results of this work support evidence that brain activity synchronizes with periodic metronomes and may with variable metronomes to a lesser magnitude, as the stimulus is less strong at a single frequency