The Triangular Relationship between the Commission, NRAs and National Courts Revisited

In this article, the authors review the relationship between the Commission, the national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and national courts in light of the Commission's proposals for reform as laid out in the 2006 Review. They focus upon the Article 7 and Article 4 procedures of Directive 2002/21. They conclude that the Commission proposals leave key questions and their implications outside of discussion and fail to address core issues such as the standard of assessment under Article 7, the accountability for decisions taken upstream of the NRA, and the scope and depth of judicial review.Institutional framework; Article 7 procedure; accountability and judicial review

What went wrong : the European perspective

convergence;telecommunication industry;law;law and economics

European Communications at the Crossroads. Report of the CEPS Working Party on electronic communications. CEPS Task Force Reports No. 39, 1 October 2001

Community institutions are now busy with the second readings of the proposals for a new regime for regulating the European Communications Industry. While many aspects of the proposed new regulatory arrangements are widely accepted, a number of key choices still have to be made. The regulation of European communications is therefore at a crossroads. This CEPS Working Party Report considers the key choices that lie ahead, with the aim of providing the institutions with some fresh input from well placed observers

The Environmental and Population Health Benefits of Active Transport: A Review

Since most individuals must travel to work or to school on a daily basis, active transport (e.g. using active modes of transportation such as walking and cycling) is increasingly regarded as a promising alternative to increase physical activity (PA) levels. Furthermore, transport activities account for 23% of CO2 emissions and this proportion is steadily increasing. Therefore, active transport (AT) may represent a promising strategy to address many environmental and public health issues. The current book chapter is organized into four parts. First, the impact of various transportation strategies to reduce emissions of GHG and other pollutants are described. Second, the impacts of AT on physical activity, physical fitness and other health-related outcomes are summarized. Third the correlates of AT are briefly examined to identify key variables to consider for the promotion of AT as a strategy to reduce GHG emissions and increase physical activity. Finally, the fourth section examines the interrelationships between the environmental and public health impacts of AT. Overall, this body of evidence should be useful for policy-makers to justify investments to promote AT by the perspective of combined environmental and public health benefits.Publication of this book chapter was supported by the University of Ottawa Author Fund. Richard Larouche received a Frederick Banting and Charles Best from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and an Excellence Scholarship from the University of Ottawa

Centralizers of maximal regular subgroups in simple Lie groups and relative congruence classes of representations

In the paper we present a new, uniform and comprehensive description of centralizers of the maximal regular subgroups in compact simple Lie groups of all types and ranks. The centralizer is either a direct product of finite cyclic groups, a continuous group of rank 1, or a product, not necessarily direct, of a continuous group of rank 1 with a finite cyclic group. Explicit formulas for the action of such centralizers on irreducible representations of the simple Lie algebras are given.Comment: 27 page