31,266 research outputs found
Juvenile rank acquisition is associated with fitness independent of adult rank
Social rank is a significant determinant of fitness in a variety of species. The importance of social rank suggests that the process by which juveniles come to establish their position in the social hierarchy is a critical component of development. Here, we use the highly predictable process of rank acquisition in spotted hyenas to study the consequences of variation in rank acquisition in early life. In spotted hyenas, rank is ‘inherited’ through a learning process called ‘maternal rank inheritance.’ This pattern is very consistent: approximately 80% of juveniles acquire the exact rank expected under the rules of maternal rank inheritance. The predictable nature of rank acquisition in these societies allows the process of rank acquisition to be studied independently from the ultimate rank that each juvenile attains. In this study, we use Elo-deviance scores, a novel application of the Elo-rating method, to calculate each juvenile’s deviation from the expected pattern of maternal rank inheritance during development. Despite variability in rank acquisition among juveniles, most of these juveniles come to attain the exact rank expected of them according to the rules of maternal rank inheritance. Nevertheless, we find that transient variation in rank acquisition in early life is associated with long-term fitness consequences for these individuals: juveniles ‘underperforming’ their expected ranks show reduced survival and lower lifetime reproductive success than better-performing peers, and this relationship is independent of both maternal rank and rank achieved in adulthood. We also find that multiple sources of early life adversity have cumulative, but not compounding, effects on fitness. Future work is needed to determine if variation in rank acquisition directly affects fitness, or if some other variable, such as maternal investment or juvenile condition, causes variation in both of these outcomes.
(Includes Supplemental Materials and Reviewers\u27 Comments.
Maintaining (locus of) control? Assessing the impact of locus of control on education decisions and wages
This paper establishes that individuals with an internal locus of control, i.e., who believe that reinforcement in life comes from their own actions instead of being determined by luck or destiny, earn higher wages. However, this positive effect only translates into labor income via the channel of education. Factor structure models are implemented on an augmented data set coming from two different samples. By so doing, we are able to correct for potential biases that arise due to reverse causality and spurious correlation, and to investigate the impact of premarket locus of control on later outcomes. --locus of control,wages,latent factor model,data set combination
Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits?
Some individuals have a greater capacity than others to carry out sophisticated information processing about emotions and emotion-relevant stimuli and to use this information as a guide to thinking and behavior. The authors have termed this set of abilities emotional intelligence (EI). Since the introduction of the concept, however, a schism has developed in which some researchers focus on EI as a distinct group of mental abilities, and other researchers instead study an eclectic mix of positive traits such as happiness, self-esteem, and optimism. Clarifying what EI is and is not can help the field by better distinguishing research that is truly pertinent to EI from research that is not. EI--conceptualized as an ability--is an important variable both conceptually and empirically, and it shows incremental validity for predicting socially relevant outcomes
Key issues on partial least squares (PLS) in operations management research: A guide to submissions
Purpose: This work aims to systematise the use of PLS as an analysis tool via a usage guide or
recommendation for researchers to help them eliminate errors when using this tool.
Design/methodology/approach: A recent literature review about PLS and discussion with experts in
the methodology.
Findings: This article considers the current situation of PLS after intense academic debate in recent years,
and summarises recommendations to properly conduct and report a research work that uses this
methodology in its analyses. We particularly focus on how to: choose the construct type; choose the
estimation technique (PLS or CB-SEM); evaluate and report the measurement model; evaluate and report
the structural model; analyse statistical power.
Research limitations: It was impossible to cover some relevant aspects in considerable detail herein:
presenting a guided example that respects all the report recommendations presented herein to act as a
practical guide for authors; does the specification or evaluation of the measurement model differ when it
deals with first-order or second-order constructs?; how are the outcomes of the constructs interpreted
with the indicators being measured with nominal measurement levels?; is the Confirmatory Composite
Analysis approach compatible with recent proposals about the Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis (CTA)?
These themes will the object of later publications.
Originality/value: We provide a check list of the information elements that must contain any article
using PLS. Our intention is for the article to act as a guide for the researchers and possible authors who
send works to the JIEM (Journal of Industrial and Engineering Management). This guide could be used by
both editors and reviewers of JIEM, or other journals in this area, to evaluate and reduce the risk of bias
(Losilla, Oliveras, Marin-Garcia & Vives, 2018) in works using PLS as an analysis procedure
Studying and Modeling the Connection between People's Preferences and Content Sharing
People regularly share items using online social media. However, people's
decisions around sharing---who shares what to whom and why---are not well
understood. We present a user study involving 87 pairs of Facebook users to
understand how people make their sharing decisions. We find that even when
sharing to a specific individual, people's own preference for an item
(individuation) dominates over the recipient's preferences (altruism). People's
open-ended responses about how they share, however, indicate that they do try
to personalize shares based on the recipient. To explain these contrasting
results, we propose a novel process model of sharing that takes into account
people's preferences and the salience of an item. We also present encouraging
results for a sharing prediction model that incorporates both the senders' and
the recipients' preferences. These results suggest improvements to both
algorithms that support sharing in social media and to information diffusion
models.Comment: CSCW 201
Link Prediction with Non-Contrastive Learning
A recent focal area in the space of graph neural networks (GNNs) is graph
self-supervised learning (SSL), which aims to derive useful node
representations without labeled data. Notably, many state-of-the-art graph SSL
methods are contrastive methods, which use a combination of positive and
negative samples to learn node representations. Owing to challenges in negative
sampling (slowness and model sensitivity), recent literature introduced
non-contrastive methods, which instead only use positive samples. Though such
methods have shown promising performance in node-level tasks, their suitability
for link prediction tasks, which are concerned with predicting link existence
between pairs of nodes (and have broad applicability to recommendation systems
contexts) is yet unexplored. In this work, we extensively evaluate the
performance of existing non-contrastive methods for link prediction in both
transductive and inductive settings. While most existing non-contrastive
methods perform poorly overall, we find that, surprisingly, BGRL generally
performs well in transductive settings. However, it performs poorly in the more
realistic inductive settings where the model has to generalize to links to/from
unseen nodes. We find that non-contrastive models tend to overfit to the
training graph and use this analysis to propose T-BGRL, a novel non-contrastive
framework that incorporates cheap corruptions to improve the generalization
ability of the model. This simple modification strongly improves inductive
performance in 5/6 of our datasets, with up to a 120% improvement in
Hits@50--all with comparable speed to other non-contrastive baselines and up to
14x faster than the best-performing contrastive baseline. Our work imparts
interesting findings about non-contrastive learning for link prediction and
paves the way for future researchers to further expand upon this area.Comment: ICLR 2023. 19 pages, 6 figure
Recommender Systems
The ongoing rapid expansion of the Internet greatly increases the necessity
of effective recommender systems for filtering the abundant information.
Extensive research for recommender systems is conducted by a broad range of
communities including social and computer scientists, physicists, and
interdisciplinary researchers. Despite substantial theoretical and practical
achievements, unification and comparison of different approaches are lacking,
which impedes further advances. In this article, we review recent developments
in recommender systems and discuss the major challenges. We compare and
evaluate available algorithms and examine their roles in the future
developments. In addition to algorithms, physical aspects are described to
illustrate macroscopic behavior of recommender systems. Potential impacts and
future directions are discussed. We emphasize that recommendation has a great
scientific depth and combines diverse research fields which makes it of
interests for physicists as well as interdisciplinary researchers.Comment: 97 pages, 20 figures (To appear in Physics Reports
- …