CMS physics technical design report : Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

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Past and potential future socioeconomic impacts of environmental hazards in Kyrgyzstan

This chapter presents an overview on the past socioeconomic impacts of natural hazards, locally combined with severe ecological consequences, in Kyrgyzstan, starting with the end of the 19th century. It will also provide a prospective view on the type of natural events that could have major impacts with nationwide consequences. The analysis of past events shows that compared, e.g., to countries in Western Europe the environmental situation of this relatively small Central Asian country is clearly aggravated through the regular occurrence of multiple geological hazards. Those hazards include numerous disastrous landslides that occur almost every year, and strong (M > 6.3) to very strong (M > 7) earthquakes that are observed once per decade or once per quarter-century, respectively. The review of past events will show that some past earthquakes had fundamental impacts on the governmental structure; this is exemplified by the change of name of the present capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, in connection with the reconstruction of the city after major impacting seismic events. In this regard, it is important to situate Kyrgyzstan in the general Central Asian context as similar governmental impacts occurred also in the neighbouring countries. The second factor increasing environmental hazards at local or subregional scale is related to the presence of mining and nuclear waste tailings and dumps in several areas distributed all over the country. Here, we will focus on some hotspots such as the Mailuu-Suu River valley. In those areas, ecological disasters are closely depending on natural hazard impacts. Due to the combined presence of multiple types of waste and of active landslides that can be reactivated by earthquakes, most efforts of environmental hazard remediation are presently concentrated on those areas, partly with support of multi-million USD projects. Finally, a third point will be highlighted as it will have the most predictable future negative impacts in many parts of the country - those related to climate change on the water resources and multiple highmountain hazards (snow avalanches, glacier lakes, landslide dam stability and outburst floods). Those impacts can be considered as the most predictable ones as climate change cannot be denied anymore; therefore, related hazards are less aleatory than those induced by geological hazards, earthquakes, in particular. Some changing high-mountain hazards are also likely to impact more and more the aforementioned environmental hotspots in Kyrgyzstan, including also dam structures and reservoirs, through the intermediate of increased flood hazards. Providing a quantitative verification of social and economic impacts of geological, climatic and general environmental hazards is not always possible. Therefore, part of the chapter will be dedicated to a critical analysis of available statistics describing those impacts. This is necessary in order to make reliable predictions of future consequences of hazards that also need to take into account the social changes to which Kyrgyzstan is exposed: rural exodus, decreasing general population, changing economic situation of private persons and public institutions, as well as the changing risk perception in the population. © 2017 Nova Science Publishers, Inc

Another Way of Saying Enough: Environmental Concern and Popular Mobilization in Kyrgyzstan

This article is a foray into the understudied issue of environmental protest politics in Central Asia. Specifically, it uses Kyrgyzstan as a case study to test the argument that environmental concerns mobilized people to engage in protest and in ways different from other kinds of protest. This essay presents the first systematic study of public opinion about the environment in Kyrgyzstan. It includes results from a 2009 nationwide survey, over 100 expert and elite interviews, and newspaper content analysis. Furthermore, it spatially analyzes these results to identify geographical variation in public perception and political event occurrence patterns. Protest engagement is a complex process determined by the interaction of several factors, and is not explained solely by affluence, rationality, or grievances. Eco-mobilization - collective political action about the environment - represents a class of protest events that offers a different view into mass discontent in the former Soviet Union and neo-patrimonial societies. The study finds that these political actions about the environment are not necessarily elite driven; there is a basic foundation of national concern and salience of these issues, and demonstrated environmental beliefs do help to explain protest behavior

The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at luminosities up to 10(34)cm(-2)s(-1) (10(27)cm(-2)s(-1)). At the core of the CMS detector sits a high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors covering most of the 4 pi solid angle. Forward sampling calorimeters extend the pseudo-rapidity coverage to high values (vertical bar eta vertical bar <= 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of 14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t

The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC

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CMS physics technical design report: Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions

This report presents the capabilities of the CMS experiment to explore the rich heavy-ion physics programme offered by the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The collisions of lead nuclei at energies ,will probe quark and gluon matter at unprecedented values of energy density. The prime goal of this research is to study the fundamental theory of the strong interaction - Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - in extreme conditions of temperature, density and parton momentum fraction (low-x). This report covers in detail the potential of CMS to carry out a series of representative Pb-Pb measurements. These include "bulk" observables, (charged hadron multiplicity, low pT inclusive hadron identified spectra and elliptic flow) which provide information on the collective properties of the system, as well as perturbative probes such as quarkonia, heavy-quarks, jets and high pT hadrons which yield "tomographic" information of the hottest and densest phases of the reaction.0info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe