Ikhlas dalam Perspekstif Hadis

Hadis-hadis yang terkait dengan ikhlas sangat banyak, mulai dari yang menggunakan term ikhlas sendiri sampai kepada term-term yang memiliki makna dan tujuan ke arah ikhlas. Juga ditem mukan bahwa ikhlas dalam pandangan hadis Nabi adalah sebuah tujuan atau maksud dari sebuah perbuatan yang semata-mata diarahkan kepada Allah SWT saja tanpa ada “sentuhan-sentuhan” dari maksud-maksud yang lain. Orang yang belum sempurna keikhlasannya, tidak boleh menjadikan alasan ketidaksempurnaan tersebut untuk berhenti dari perbuatan baik karena bisa jadi awalnya kurang sempurna tapi karena selalu diusahakan dan diperbaharui maka akan dapat berujung pada kesempurnaan, yang pada akhirnya menjadikan seseorang mendapat gelar mukhlis. Keikhlasan yang berarti kemurnian, maka ia tidak terbagi ke dalam beberapa bagian, akan tetapi bagi orang yang belum mampu mengikhlaskan amalnya secara sempurna bukan berarti serta merta ia tidak mendapatkan pahala. Selama ia mau berusaha memperbaiki keikhlasannya maka pasti akan mendapatkan ganjaran yang setimpal karena usahanya tadi. Bagi orang yang tidak mau memperbaiki niatnya atau memang niatnya sudah menyimpang dari yang seharusnya maka ia akan mendapatkan ganjaran berupa tidak diterimanya amal yang ia lakukan atau bahkan ia akan mendapat dosa karena ketidakikhlasannya itu. Keikhlasan adalah sesuatu yang sangat penting, terlepas dari wujud urgensinya, yang harus dilakukan oleh seorang manusia adalah upaya untuk meningkatan peribadatannya kepada Sang Pencipta disertai niat murni, tulus, ikhlas hanya kepada-Nya. Sehingga satu kalimat yang mungkin dapat mewakili semua harapan itu adalah jaddid al Niah (perbaharui niat)

Al-Qur’an antara Teks dan Konteks

oai:ojs2.e-journal.faiuim.ac.id:article/2Al-Qur’an merupakan kalamullah atau bahasa langit yang membumi sehingga memerlukan sebuah paradigma berfikir, baik cara, metode maupun pendekatan. Al-Qur’an yang notabenenya adalah teks membuat sebagian pembacanya mengacu pada teks atau makna harfiah teks dengan tanpa menyertakan konteks sosio-historis teks dalam aktivitas penafsirannya, sehingga penetapan maknanya sepenuhnya menjadi domain otoritas teks. Di luar teks tidak ada makna yang bisa dipertanggungjawabkan dan diyakini kebenarannya. Sebagian pembaca yang lain menganggap perlunya pendekatan kontekstual untuk mengembangkan produk-produk nash (teks), khususnya yang berkaitan dengan muamalah dan hukum. Pemahaman ayat yang paling sempurna adalah dengan memperhatikan setting sosial yang melingkupi turunnya ayat’ Dengan kata lain, mengacu pada dimensi konteks yang tidak semata-mata bertumpu pada makna teks secara lahiriyah (literatur), tetapi juga melibatkan dimensi sosio-historis teks dan keterlibatan subjektifitas penafsir dalam aktivitas penafsirannya. Berdasarkan diskursus tersebut penelitian ini hendak memaparkan urgensi studi Al-Qur’an dengan menggabungkan antara metode tekstual dengan kontekstual, sehingga ditemukan pemahaman secara komprehensif terhadap teks-teks ayat al-Qur’an. Metode ini mempertimbangkan maksud dalam amr (perintah) dan nahi (larangan) terhadap bunyi nash (teks), mencari illat (alasan) jika memungkin ada dan mempertimbangkan asliyat (makna asal) dan tabi'iyat (makna yang mendampinginya)

Sensitivity Analysis for Voltage Stability Considering Voltage Dependent Characteristics of Loads and DGs

The sensitivity analysis becomes particularly critical for voltage stability analysis due to the fluctuation in power outputs of renewable energy resources. Besides, impacts of different load modeling and the operation mode of Distributed Generations (DGs) are not addressed in the well-known sensitivity analysis methods. Therefore, this work presents a new sensitivity analysis approach to find the relation between the Voltage Stability Margin (VSM) and the control variables of power systems, considering the voltage dependent characteristics of loads and DGs. The sensitivity analysis is performed on VSM, defined from equivalent nodal analysis, via its differential equation. To include the voltage dependent characteristics, loads are modeled as polynomial function (ZIP model) and DGs are considered to be operated with constant current and constant power modes. Based on this analysis, the sensitivity of VSM can be directly obtained by taking the derivatives of nodal voltages with respect to control variables. The validity of the developed approach is demonstrated on the IEEE 118 bus system. 2013 IEEE.This work was supported by Philadelphia University, Jordan.Scopus2-s2.0-8512007892

Hepatitis D double reflex testing of all hepatitis B carriers in low-HBV- and high-HBV/HDV-prevalence countries

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection occurs as a coinfection with hepatitis B and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis, and mortality compared to hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection. Reliable estimates of the prevalence of HDV infection and disease burden are essential to formulate strategies to find coinfected individuals more effectively and efficiently. The global prevalence of HBV infections was estimated to be 262,240,000 in 2021. Only 1,994,000 of the HBV infections were newly diagnosed in 2021, with more than half of the new diagnoses made in China. Our initial estimates indicated a much lower prevalence of HDV antibody (anti-HDV) and HDV RNA positivity than previously reported in published studies. Accurate estimates of HDV prevalence are needed. The most effective method to generate estimates of the prevalence of anti-HDV and HDV RNA positivity and to find undiagnosed individuals at the national level is to implement double reflex testing. This requires anti-HDV testing of all hepatitis B surface antigen-positive individuals and HDV RNA testing of all anti-HDV-positive individuals. This strategy is manageable for healthcare systems since the number of newly diagnosed HBV cases is low. At the global level, a comprehensive HDV screening strategy would require only 1,994,000 HDV antibody tests and less than 89,000 HDV PCR tests. Double reflex testing is the preferred strategy in countries with a low prevalence of HBV and those with a high prevalence of both HBV and HDV. For example, in the European Union and North America only 35,000 and 22,000 cases, respectively, will require anti-HDV testing annually

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

The impact of surgical delay on resectability of colorectal cancer: An international prospective cohort study

AIM: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to explore the impact of surgical delays on cancer resectability. This study aimed to compare resectability for colorectal cancer patients undergoing delayed versus non-delayed surgery. METHODS: This was an international prospective cohort study of consecutive colorectal cancer patients with a decision for curative surgery (January-April 2020). Surgical delay was defined as an operation taking place more than 4 weeks after treatment decision, in a patient who did not receive neoadjuvant therapy. A subgroup analysis explored the effects of delay in elective patients only. The impact of longer delays was explored in a sensitivity analysis. The primary outcome was complete resection, defined as curative resection with an R0 margin. RESULTS: Overall, 5453 patients from 304 hospitals in 47 countries were included, of whom 6.6% (358/5453) did not receive their planned operation. Of the 4304 operated patients without neoadjuvant therapy, 40.5% (1744/4304) were delayed beyond 4 weeks. Delayed patients were more likely to be older, men, more comorbid, have higher body mass index and have rectal cancer and early stage disease. Delayed patients had higher unadjusted rates of complete resection (93.7% vs. 91.9%, P = 0.032) and lower rates of emergency surgery (4.5% vs. 22.5%, P < 0.001). After adjustment, delay was not associated with a lower rate of complete resection (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.90-1.55, P = 0.224), which was consistent in elective patients only (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, P = 0.672). Longer delays were not associated with poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: One in 15 colorectal cancer patients did not receive their planned operation during the first wave of COVID-19. Surgical delay did not appear to compromise resectability, raising the hypothesis that any reduction in long-term survival attributable to delays is likely to be due to micro-metastatic disease

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative sars-cov-2 infection: An international cohort study

Background The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (740%) had emergency surgery and 280 (248%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (261%) patients. 30-day mortality was 238% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (512%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 380% (219 of 577), accounting for 817% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 175 [95% CI 128-240], p&lt;00001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (230 [165-322], p&lt;00001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3-5 versus grades 1-2 (235 [157-353], p&lt;00001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (155 [101-239], p=0046), emergency versus elective surgery (167 [106-263], p=0026), and major versus minor surgery (152 [101-231], p=0047). Interpretation Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research