Short-latency responses in chronic ankle instability

Ankle proprioceptive impairments after ankle sprain appear to be in the origin of the neuromuscular dysfunction in Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), however the analysis of this condition has been focused on a unilateral approach. Considering that proprioceptive information have a determinant role in ipsilesional limb responses but also the contralesional ones, the present study aims to analyze the bilateral Short Latency Responses (SLR) in response to an unilateral perturbation in individuals with CAI. Two groups of athletes participated in the present study. One was composed by participants presenting CAI (CAI group, n = 16), while the other was composed by participants not presenting ankle sprain episodes (control group, n = 20). The electromyographic activity of the Peroneal Brevis and Longus (PB and PL), Tibialis Anterior (TA) and Soleus (SOL) muscles was collected during a unilateral sudden inversion perturbation in both the support and perturbed limbs. The timing of muscle activation of both limbs was used for analysis. Delayed SLR of TA (p = 0.009) and in SOL (p = 0.042) muscles were observed in the contralesional limb of the CAI group in the support position compared to the control group. In CAI group, delayed SLR of PB (p = 0.023) and SOL (p = 0.004) muscles was found in the contralesional limb in the support position compared to the ipsilesional one. The rehabilitation of individuals with CAI should also be focused on the contralesional limb while assuming a support position and also, contralesional limb should not be considered a reference for comparison between limbs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

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ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN BERFIKIR ALJABAR DI KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 1 KRANGKENG KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU (Studi Survei di Kelas VII Tahun Akademik 2012/2013)

Setiati Rahayu, 2013. Analisis Kemampuan Berfikir Aljabar di Kelas VII di SMP Negeri 1 Krangkeng Kab. Indramayu (Studi Survei di Kelas VII Tahun Akademik 2012/2013) Untuk mengukur kemampuan berfikir aljabar seorang siswa diperlukan beberapa indikator. Terdapat beberapa indikator untuk memahami aljabar diantaranya memahami pengertian koefisien variabel suku sejenis, kemampuan melakuakan operasi hitung, kemampuan mengggunakan simbol matematika, kemampuan menggunakan bahasa sehari-hari, kemampuan menyederhanakan operasi aljabar, kemampuan menyatakan berbagai hubungan, kemampuan menggunakan diagram alur dan memahami konsep aljabar invers. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kemampuan berfikir aljabar di kelas VII yang ditinjau dari operasi aljabar, penggunaan aljabar, masalah aljabar, dan pemahaman konsep aljabar saat menjawab soal-soal aljabar. Kemampuan siswa dalam memahami aljabar merupakan suatu kondisi yang terdapat dalam sekolah SMP tersebut. Aljabar adalah suatu cabang ilmu matematika yang menggunakan tandatanda dan huruf-huruf yang mewakili angka-angka. Banyaknya indikator yang menjadi indikator kemampuan aljabar, maka akan ada beberapa indikator yang akan menjadi komponen utama dalam kemampuan aljabar. Untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa dalam memahami aljabar, tidak perlu semua indikator pada\ud materi aljabar diujikan dalam tes. Mengetahui sangat pentingnya komponen utama dalam materi aljabar untuk mengukur kemampuan berfikir aljabar seorang siswa maka peneliti mencoba menganalisis kemampuan berfikir aljabar siswa kelas VII di SMPN 1 Krangkeng. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Kelas VII yang berjumlah (160 siswa). Sampel diambil dari kelas VIIB cluster random sampling. Untuk uji coba dilakukan di kelas VIIA yang berjumlah 32. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil sebagai berikut: 1) Aljabar di SMP N 1 Krangkeng cukup baik hal ini ditunjukan dengan nilai rata-rata 75. 2) Indikator kemampuan berfikir aljabar secara mekanisme dan indikator Kemampuan terbesar yang dicapai oleh siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Krangkeng tahun ajaran 2012/2013 dalam memahami aljabar adalah pada pengertian koefisien, variabel, konstanta, faktor, suku sejenis adalah sebesar 89.58% dan kemampuan yang kurang dikuasai oleh siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Krangkeng tahun ajaran 2012/2013 dalam memahami aljabar adalah memahami invers adalah sebesar 85.94%. 3) Dari delapan indicator kemampuan berfikir aljabar ada tiga komponen yang dominan yaitu menggunakan diagram alur, pengertian koefisien variable konstanta, faktor suku sejenis, dan menyederhanakan operasi aljaba

Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the Surface Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

Atmospheric parameters, such as pressure (P), temperature (T) and density, affect the development of extensive air showers initiated by energetic cosmic rays. We have studied the impact of atmospheric variations on extensive air showers by means of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The rate of events shows a ~10% seasonal modulation and ~2% diurnal one. We find that the observed behaviour is explained by a model including the effects associated with the variations of pressure and density. The former affects the longitudinal development of air showers while the latter influences the Moliere radius and hence the lateral distribution of the shower particles. The model is validated with full simulations of extensive air showers using atmospheric profiles measured at the site of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physic

Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter

Data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory through 31 August 2007 showed evidence for anisotropy in the arrival directions of cosmic rays above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuz'min energy threshold, \nobreak{$6\times 10^{19}$eV}. The anisotropy was measured by the fraction of arrival directions that are less than $3.1^\circ$ from the position of an active galactic nucleus within 75 Mpc (using the V\'eron-Cetty and V\'eron $12^{\rm th}$ catalog). An updated measurement of this fraction is reported here using the arrival directions of cosmic rays recorded above the same energy threshold through 31 December 2009. The number of arrival directions has increased from 27 to 69, allowing a more precise measurement. The correlating fraction is $(38^{+7}_{-6})$, compared with $21$ expected for isotropic cosmic rays. This is down from the early estimate of $(69^{+11}_{-13})$. The enlarged set of arrival directions is examined also in relation to other populations of nearby extragalactic objects: galaxies in the 2 Microns All Sky Survey and active galactic nuclei detected in hard X-rays by the Swift Burst Alert Telescope. A celestial region around the position of the radiogalaxy Cen A has the largest excess of arrival directions relative to isotropic expectations. The 2-point autocorrelation function is shown for the enlarged set of arrival directions and compared to the isotropic expectation.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics on 31 August 201

The Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions.Comment: 53 pages. Submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The advent of the Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) necessitates the development of a powerful framework for the analysis of radio measurements of cosmic ray air showers. As AERA performs "radio-hybrid" measurements of air shower radio emission in coincidence with the surface particle detectors and fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the radio analysis functionality had to be incorporated in the existing hybrid analysis solutions for fluoresence and surface detector data. This goal has been achieved in a natural way by extending the existing Auger Offline software framework with radio functionality. In this article, we lay out the design, highlights and features of the radio extension implemented in the Auger Offline framework. Its functionality has achieved a high degree of sophistication and offers advanced features such as vectorial reconstruction of the electric field, advanced signal processing algorithms, a transparent and efficient handling of FFTs, a very detailed simulation of detector effects, and the read-in of multiple data formats including data from various radio simulation codes. The source code of this radio functionality can be made available to interested parties on request.Comment: accepted for publication in NIM A, 13 pages, minor corrections to author list and references in v

Anisotropy studies around the galactic centre at EeV energies with the Auger Observatory

Data from the Pierre Auger Observatory are analyzed to search for anisotropies near the direction of the Galactic Centre at EeV energies. The exposure of the surface array in this part of the sky is already significantly larger than that of the fore-runner experiments. Our results do not support previous findings of localized excesses in the AGASA and SUGAR data. We set an upper bound on a point-like flux of cosmic rays arriving from the Galactic Centre which excludes several scenarios predicting sources of EeV neutrons from Sagittarius $A$. Also the events detected simultaneously by the surface and fluorescence detectors (the `hybrid' data set), which have better pointing accuracy but are less numerous than those of the surface array alone, do not show any significant localized excess from this direction.Comment: Matches published versio

Search for First Harmonic Modulation in the Right Ascension Distribution of Cosmic Rays Detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present the results of searches for dipolar-type anisotropies in different energy ranges above $2.5\times 10^{17}$ eV with the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, reporting on both the phase and the amplitude measurements of the first harmonic modulation in the right-ascension distribution. Upper limits on the amplitudes are obtained, which provide the most stringent bounds at present, being below 2% at 99% $C.L.$ for EeV energies. We also compare our results to those of previous experiments as well as with some theoretical expectations.Comment: 28 pages, 11 figure

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It consists of a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level and a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The "hybrid" detection mode combines the information from the two subsystems. We describe the determination of the hybrid exposure for events observed by the fluorescence telescopes in coincidence with at least one water-Cherenkov detector of the surface array. A detailed knowledge of the time dependence of the detection operations is crucial for an accurate evaluation of the exposure. We discuss the relevance of monitoring data collected during operations, such as the status of the fluorescence detector, background light and atmospheric conditions, that are used in both simulation and reconstruction.Comment: Paper accepted by Astroparticle Physic