De la place des savoirs grammaticaux et lexicaux dans les référentiels de compétences et dans certaines manuels contemporains de langues modernes

Cette communication aborde dans un premier temps la place des savoirs grammaticaux et lexicaux dans les prescrits légaux en FWB (Socles de compétences et Compétences terminales et savoirs requis en langues modernes). Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons la place de ces savoirs dans deux manuels de langues (Tandem et Headway). Dans la conclusion, nous proposons quelques pistes pour a) optimiser l'Approche par Compétences préconisée en FWB et b) la rendre plus équitable.Peer reviewe

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

La place des savoirs grammaticaux et lexicaux dans les référentiels de compétences (1999-2016) et dans certains manuels de langues modernes

Cet article propose d'abord une lecture critique des référentiels de langues modernes qui ont été en vigueur en Communauté française de Belgique entre 1999 et 2016. Y sont principalement analysés les référentiels "Socles de compétences en langues modernes" et "Compétences terminales et savoirs requis en langues modernes". La deuxième partie de l'article porte sur l'analyse partielle de deux manuels, le "Nieuwe Tandem 2" et le "New Headway". Une des thèses des auteurs de l'article est que ces référentiels de compétences et ces supports didactiques peuvent accroître l'hétérogénéité des niveaux de maîtrise en langue et générer des inégalités dans l'apprentissage. L'article se termine en évoquant différentes pistes qui peuvent contribuer à limiter les risques identifiés

Who benefits from computerized cognitive training? Lower processing speed predicts greater cognitive improvement

Background: Computerized cognitive training (CCT) is an intervention used to target cognitive deficits associated with depression, and has been found to improve mood, cognition, and everyday functioning. The aim of the present study is to determine if baseline cognitive presentation predicts improvement in cognition from CCT, and if this improvement varies based on the type of training received. Methods: Forty-six young adults with depressive symptoms were recruited as part of a randomized controlled trial studying the effects of CCT on mood, cognition, and everyday functioning. Participants completed training on their mobile devices for 15 min/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks. Clinical and neuropsychological assessments were completed at baseline and 8 weeks. Results: Individuals with below average processing speed (PS) scores showed greater improvement in 2 out of 4 PS tasks (Cohen's d range > 1) compared to above average performers. The high and low performers did not differ in change in performance in non-PS tasks. Type of training had no effect. Limitations: Small college-aged sample. Conclusions: CCT has differential effects on PS depending on baseline cognitive presentation. Individuals with an initial relative PS weakness improve more from CCT than those with higher baseline functioning. This study highlights the importance of identifying individual differences in cognition that may factor into CCT response

Progression et transversalité

Quoi de plus incontournable, en matière d'enseignement-apprentissage, que la progression des dispositifs mis en œuvre par les enseignants et des acquisitions qu'ils permettent de susciter ? La progression est sans conteste la condition fondamentale de la dynamique du savoir et de son enrichissement, car tout enseignement est inscrit dans le temps et comporte une dimension narrative : apprendre quelque chose à quelqu'un, c'est nécessairement construire une histoire avec lui, c'est l'entrainer dans un récit dont il est le héros. Peut-on caractériser plus précisément cette progression des apprentissages ? Comment se construit l'histoire de l'apprentissage dans chaque domaine du savoir et dans la diversité des contextes éducatifs ? Telle est la première question à laquelle les contributions du présent ouvrage ont cherché à apporter quelques éléments de réponse. Si l'apprentissage ne peut se passer de progression, il ne peut pas davantage se passer de transversalité. Un savoir ne peut en effet être considéré comme acquis que lorsqu'il fait l'objet d'un transfert, c'est-à-dire lorsque l'apprenant se montre capable de l'utiliser dans d'autres contextes que celui où il lui a été transmis et à d'autres fins que pour lui-même ou pour des visées « savantes ». Apprendre, c'est devenir capable d'utiliser des savoirs dans le cadre d'autres disciplines, en les mettant au service de l'apprentissage scolaire dans son ensemble… et au service de la vie. Mais si cette importance de la transversalité relève à certains égards de l'évidence, il ne suffit pas de l'affirmer ; la convocation de différents regards disciplinaires doit permettre d'aller plus loin en montrant concrètement comment chaque discipline favorise des transferts vers d'autres « champs » qu'elle-même. Tel est le second défi qui était posé aux contributeurs du présent ouvrage, qui constitue les actes de la troisième journée d'études organisée par le CRIPEDIS depuis sa création en 2008

Functional and clinical studies reveal pathophysiological complexity of CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition.

Missense and truncating variants in the X-chromosome-linked CLCN4 gene, resulting in reduced or complete loss-of-function (LOF) of the encoded chloride/proton exchanger ClC-4, were recently demonstrated to cause a neurocognitive phenotype in both males and females. Through international clinical matchmaking and interrogation of public variant databases we assembled a database of 90 rare CLCN4 missense variants in 90 families: 41 unique and 18 recurrent variants in 49 families. For 43 families, including 22 males and 33 females, we collated detailed clinical and segregation data. To confirm causality of variants and to obtain insight into disease mechanisms, we investigated the effect on electrophysiological properties of 59 of the variants in Xenopus oocytes using extended voltage and pH ranges. Detailed analyses revealed new pathophysiological mechanisms: 25% (15/59) of variants demonstrated LOF, characterized by a shift of the voltage-dependent activation to more positive voltages, and nine variants resulted in a toxic gain-of-function, associated with a disrupted gate allowing inward transport at negative voltages. Functional results were not always in line with in silico pathogenicity scores, highlighting the complexity of pathogenicity assessment for accurate genetic counselling. The complex neurocognitive and psychiatric manifestations of this condition, and hitherto under-recognized impacts on growth, gastrointestinal function, and motor control are discussed. Including published cases, we summarize features in 122 individuals from 67 families with CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition and suggest future research directions with the aim of improving the integrated care for individuals with this diagnosis

Functional and clinical studies reveal pathophysiological complexity of CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition.

Missense and truncating variants in the X-chromosome-linked CLCN4 gene, resulting in reduced or complete loss-of-function (LOF) of the encoded chloride/proton exchanger ClC-4, were recently demonstrated to cause a neurocognitive phenotype in both males and females. Through international clinical matchmaking and interrogation of public variant databases we assembled a database of 90 rare CLCN4 missense variants in 90 families: 41 unique and 18 recurrent variants in 49 families. For 43 families, including 22 males and 33 females, we collated detailed clinical and segregation data. To confirm causality of variants and to obtain insight into disease mechanisms, we investigated the effect on electrophysiological properties of 59 of the variants in Xenopus oocytes using extended voltage and pH ranges. Detailed analyses revealed new pathophysiological mechanisms: 25% (15/59) of variants demonstrated LOF, characterized by a "shift" of the voltage-dependent activation to more positive voltages, and nine variants resulted in a toxic gain-of-function, associated with a disrupted gate allowing inward transport at negative voltages. Functional results were not always in line with in silico pathogenicity scores, highlighting the complexity of pathogenicity assessment for accurate genetic counselling. The complex neurocognitive and psychiatric manifestations of this condition, and hitherto under-recognized impacts on growth, gastrointestinal function, and motor control are discussed. Including published cases, we summarize features in 122 individuals from 67 families with CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition and suggest future research directions with the aim of improving the integrated care for individuals with this diagnosis

Functional and clinical studies reveal pathophysiological complexity of CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition

Missense and truncating variants in the X-chromosome-linked CLCN4 gene, resulting in reduced or complete loss-of-function (LOF) of the encoded chloride/proton exchanger ClC-4, were recently demonstrated to cause a neurocognitive phenotype in both males and females. Through international clinical matchmaking and interrogation of public variant databases we assembled a database of 90 rare CLCN4 missense variants in 90 families: 41 unique and 18 recurrent variants in 49 families. For 43 families, including 22 males and 33 females, we collated detailed clinical and segregation data. To confirm causality of variants and to obtain insight into disease mechanisms, we investigated the effect on electrophysiological properties of 59 of the variants in Xenopus oocytes using extended voltage and pH ranges. Detailed analyses revealed new pathophysiological mechanisms: 25% (15/59) of variants demonstrated LOF, characterized by a "shift" of the voltage-dependent activation to more positive voltages, and nine variants resulted in a toxic gain-of-function, associated with a disrupted gate allowing inward transport at negative voltages. Functional results were not always in line with in silico pathogenicity scores, highlighting the complexity of pathogenicity assessment for accurate genetic counselling. The complex neurocognitive and psychiatric manifestations of this condition, and hitherto under-recognized impacts on growth, gastrointestinal function, and motor control are discussed. Including published cases, we summarize features in 122 individuals from 67 families with CLCN4-related neurodevelopmental condition and suggest future research directions with the aim of improving the integrated care for individuals with this diagnosis