Aprender a tocar violão : estudo e prática formal e informal

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Decanato de Ensino de Graduação, Universidade Aberta do Brasil, Instituto de Artes, Departamento de Música, Curso de Licenciatura em Música a Distância, 2014.A presente pesquisa teve origem na busca pelo entendimento dos processos de aprendizagem do violão fora do contexto escolar e dentro dele, quais os procedimentos e escolhas adotados por uma pessoa que começa a tocar violão sem ter frequentado aulas desse instrumento, quais os principais fatores que influenciam esse aprendizado aqui denominado como processo de aprendizado informal. Em segunda instância são abordados os fatores que levam esse mesmo aluno pela busca do ensino formal, com regularidade e sistematização em um ambiente escolar musical. O estudo teve abordagem qualitativa, pois centrou-se na investigação de um aluno de violão, destacando a sua trajetória com a música e suas escolhas para aprender a tocar o instrumento. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. O roteiro da entrevista consistia de perguntas sobre como a música se configura na vida do aluno, como se deu seus primeiros contatos com o instrumento, sua forma de estudo dentro do processo formal e informal. A entrevista foi transcrita e os dados foram analisados á luz dos temas centrais: Como o estudo e a prática formal e informal do violão se justapõe e se complementam, qual a influência e contribuição de amigos e familiares no desenvolvimento musical do aluno. Os dados sinalizaram como os processos formais e informais são tratados pelos autores e pelo aluno entrevistado. Como estes se relacionam e se complementam, com o intuito de realizar um ensino e aprendizado que se justapõe a contemporaneidade sem perder a qualidade e o prazer do fazer musical. Como resultados apontam-se três fatores essenciais para a busca do aprendizado do violão: a socialização, a influência de pessoas próximas e o acesso ao instrumento. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis research originated in the search for understanding of the processes of learning the acoustic guitar outside of school and inside it, which procedures and choices adopted by a person who begins to play acoustic guitar without having attended lectures of this instrument, which are the main factors influencing this learning here termed as informal learning. On appeal examines the factors driving this same student for the pursuit of formal education with regularity and systematization in a music school. The study had a qualitative approach because it focused on the investigation of an acoustic guitar student, highlighting his path with his song choices and to learn how to play the instrument. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The interview consisted of questions about how music is represented as the student's life, how was your first contact with the instrument, a form of study within the formal and informal process. The interview was transcribed and the data were analyzed in the light of the central issues: How the study and practice of formal and informal acoustic guitar is juxtaposed and complemented, the influence and contribution of family and friends in the musical development of students. The data signaled as the formal and informal processes are treated by the authors and the student respondent. How they relate and complement each other, in order to conduct a teaching and learning which juxtapose contemporaneity without losing the quality and pleasure of music making. The results suggest there are three key factors for the pursuit of learning guitar: socialization, the influence of people nearby and the access to the instrument

Propagation Analysis for Wireless Sensor Networks Applied to Viticulture

Wireless sensor networks have been proposed as a solution to obtain soil and environment information in large distributed areas. The main economic activity of the São Francisco Valley region in the Northeast of Brazil is the irrigated fruit production. The region is one of the major agricultural regions of the country. Grape plantations receive large investments and provide good financial return. However, the region still lacks electronic sensing systems to extract adequate information from plantations. Considering these facts, this paper presents a study of path loss in grape plantations for a 2.4 GHz operating frequency. In order to determine the position of the sensor nodes, the research dealt with various environmental factors that influence the intensity of the received signal. It has been noticed that main plantation aisles favor the guided propagation, and the vegetation along the secondary plantation aisles compromises the propagation. Diffraction over the grape trees is the main propagation mechanism in the diagonal propagation path. Transmission carried out above the vineyard showed that reflection on the top of the trees is the main mechanism

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

An estimate of the number of tropical tree species

The high species richness of tropical forests has long been recognized, yet there remains substantial uncertainty regarding the actual number of tropical tree species. Using a pantropical tree inventory database from closed canopy forests, consisting of 657,630 trees belonging to 11,371 species, we use a fitted value of Fisher’s alpha and an approximate pantropical stem total to estimate the minimum number of tropical forest tree species to fall between ∼40,000 and ∼53,000, i.e. at the high end of previous estimates. Contrary to common assumption, the Indo-Pacific region was found to be as species-rich as the Neotropics, with both regions having a minimum of ∼19,000–25,000 tree species. Continental Africa is relatively depauperate with a minimum of ∼4,500–6,000 tree species. Very few species are shared among the African, American, and the Indo-Pacific regions. We provide a methodological framework for estimating species richness in trees that may help refine species richness estimates of tree-dependent taxa